Exam 2 - Pharmacology

What help prevent seizures by suppressing the spread of abnormal electric impulses from the seizure focus to other areas of the cerebral cortex?

anticonvulsants

All anticonvulsants are _____________ and may cause ?

CNS depressants

ataxia, drowsiness, hepatotoxicity

What is the drug of choice for long term seizures?

phenobarbital

Phenobarbital has a ___________, so it may only be needed once or twice a day.

long half life

What are side effects of phenobarbital?

polyphasia

polydipsia

polyuria

The dose for phenobarbital is measured in ?

grains (1 grain = 60mg)

What is the drug of choice for emergency treatment of seizures?

diazepam

How does diazepam control seizures?

rapidly penetrating the blood brain barrier and enhancing GABA

What routes are diazepam available in?

oral and IV

If diazepam cannot be given IV, it can be administered as ___________ and administered ____________.

diastat, rectally

What should you be mindful of when giving diazepam to cats?

it can cause a drug induced hepatopathy and idiopathic hepatic necrosis

What is one of the most common adjunct therapies for animals whose seizures are not well controlled by phenobarbital alone?

potassium bromide

What is a disadvantage of potassium bromide?

narrow therapeutic index, can cause toxicity easily

If we add potassium bromide with phenobarbital, what must be done?

decrease the phenobarbital level

Primidone is highly dependent on the metabolism of primidone to ?

phenobarbital

What is a human medication that was once popular for epilepsy in animals?

phenytoin (dilantin)

What is a major disadvantage of phenytoin?

have to give at least 3 times a day

Levetiracetam does/does not cause hepatic issues.

does not

What is the half life of levetiracetam (keppra)?

4-8 hours

What are the limiting factors of levetiracetam (keppra)?

given up to 3 times a day

expensive

What is levetiracetam useful for?

canine epilepsy

cases that cannot tolerate phenobarbital or potassium bromide

What is GABA?

gamma-aminobutyric acid

a chemical messenger widely distributed in the brain

How can activity in the brain be decreased?

suppress release of norepinephrine

enhance activity of GABA

How can activity in the brain be increased?

use Methylxanthine compounds

What change the concentrations of selected neurotransmitters in the brain?

Behavior modifying drugs

What are antipsychotics?

major tranquilizers

What are antidepressants?

mood elevating drugs

What are anxiolytics?

drugs that lyse anxiety

decrease fear response

What is a disadvantage of antipsychotics?

reduces response to both normal and abnormal stimuli in the environment

animals have less interest in environment

will not respond with warning growl

What are used to control learned fear responses to thunder and fireworks?

antipsychotics

Phenothiazine tranquilizers (antipsychotics) do not suppress?

instinctual responses

What is a better antipsychotic than acepromazine?

trazodone

What is trazodone good for?

separation

noise phobia

veterinary visits

hospitalization

What are the three classes of antidepressants?

tricyclic (TCA)

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)

TCAs are named for their ?

chemical structure

SSRIs and MAOIs are named for their?

mechanisms in which they work

What are the TCAs?

amitriptyline

clomipramine (Clomicalm)

What decrease the uptake of serotonin which allows the neurotransmitter to accumulate and prolong the activity?

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Amitriptyline blocks the reuptake of ?

norepinephrine

What are TCAs used to treat?

generalized anxiety and separation anxiety

What has been used to decrease inappropriate spraying and excessive grooming in cats and feather picking in birds?

amitriptyline

What is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders in dogs; it is also used for separation anxiety and aggressive behaviors?

clomicalm

What enhance the effect of serotonin in the neurotransmitter by blocking the removal from the synaptic cleft?

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

SSRIs are more selective for blocking ___________ without blocking the other neurotransmitters.

serotonin

What are examples of SSRIs?

fluoxetine

fluvoxamine

paroxetine

sertraline

What is an example of an MAOI?

selegilene

What is the most common MAOI?

selegilene

What are MAOIs used to treat?

cognitive dysfunction (old dog senility)

What increase the amount of dopamine found in selected cells of the CNS and enhance effects of dopamine?

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Why are anxiolytics not frequently used for behavior modification?

they have nonspecific activity and interfere with the animal's ability to learn

What are other examples of behavior modifying drugs?

beta blockers

antihistamines

anticonvulsants

progestin

What are the take home points of behavior modification?

there is not magic pill to modify behavior

behavior modification requires training, persistence of owner, and medication

What is a phase of chemotherapy that involves more intensified therapy than the maintenance phase?

induction therapy

What is the goal of induction therapy?

reduce the number of cancer cells and induce remission

What is a continuation of a chemotherapy protocol that maintains remission and prevent relapse?

maintenance therapy

What is a re-induction chemotherapy for patients who fail one standard protocol?

rescue therapy

What are the general side effects of chemotherapy?

inappetence

nausea

vomiting

diarrhea

dehydration

myelosuppression

alopecia

What is the first step to protecting yourself from exposure to chemotherapy drugs?

understand how accidental exposure can occur

How can accidental exposure to chemotherapy drugs occur?

absorption through skin

inhalation

ingestion of contaminated food

absorption or inhalation during opening of glass ampules

Where should toxic drugs be prepared and administered?

low traffic, well ventilated area with a ventilated hood

What PPE should be worn when handling toxic drugs?

filter mask

gloves

long-sleeved non-porous gown

goggles

When handling toxic drugs, use syringes and IV lines with __________ attachments to prevent spilage.

screw-on

Discard needles and syringes with toxic drugs into ?

sealable plastic bags

Who should never handle antineoplastic drugs, clean cages, or handle waste from animals during cancer treatment?

pregnant women

Dosing of antineoplastic drugs is based on ?

body surface area

What are the most common chemotherapy drugs?

carboplatin

chlorambucil

cisplatin

doxorubicin

lomustine

mitoxantrone

vinca alkaloids

What is carboplatin used to treat?

osteosarcoma

melanoma

carcinomas

sarcomas

Carboplatin acts very similar to cisplatin, but has ?

less renal toxicity

What can increase the risk of nephrotoxicity and cause vaccines to not be as effective when combined with carboplatin?

aminoglycosides

What is the use of chlorambucil?

used in place of cyclophosphamide when patients are intolerant of it

What is the adverse affect of chlorambucil?

GI toxicity

Do not given chlorambucil with ?

food

Chlorambucil tablets should be stored in the ?

refrigerator

What is cisplatin used for?

carcinomas

sarcomas

sarcoids

cutaneous neoplasia

What is an adverse effect of cisplatin?

nephrotoxicity

What can increase risk of nephrotoxicity when it interacts with cisplatin?

aminoglycosides and amphotericin

What can increase risk of ototoxicity when it interacts with cisplatin?

furosemide

Cisplatin cannot be used in _____. Why?

cats

causes fatal pulmonary edema and pleural effusion if administered systematically

What is the broadest spectrum antineoplastic drug in veterinary medicine?

doxorubicin

What is an adverse effect of doxorubicin?

cardiac toxicity

What can increase risk for cardiotoxicity when it interacts with doxorubicin?

calcium-channel blockers

What can increase elimination when it interacts with doxorubicin?

phenobarbital

What is lomustine used to treat?

CNS neoplasms

lymphomas

mast cell tumors

rescue agent for lymphosarcoma

What is the use for mitoxantrone?

lymphomas resistant to other drugs

What are the adverse affects of mitoxantrone?

turns the sclera of the eye and urine a blue-green color after therapy

mild to moderate GI toxicity

What is the primary use of Vinblastine sulfate?

mast tumor cells in dogs and cats

rescue therapy in lymphosarcoma

What is an adverse effect of Vinblastine sulfate?

local phlebitis and pain

What is Vincristine sulfate used to treat?

transmissible venereal tumors

immune mediated thrombocytopenia

What are the two main categories of urinary incontinence?

neurologic and non-neurologic

What urinary incontinence may result from trauma to the spinal cord, tumors, or degeneration of the nervous system tracts?

neurologic

What does non-neurologic urinary incontinence include?

hormone-responsive incontinence

stress incontinence

urge incontinence

ectopic ureters

bladder overdistention

What makes up the bladder wall?

smooth muscle known as detrusor muscle

What is defined as loss of voluntary control of urination resulting in leakage of urine?

urinary incontinence

What is the most common cause of UI in dogs?

ectopic ureters

Ectopic ureters are uncommon in ?

male dogs (often asymptomatic)

What is hypocontractile bladder?

detrusor atony (unable to generate sufficient intravesicular pressure to initiate or complete voiding)

What is hypercontractile bladder?

urge incontinence (normal filling and storage of urine in the bladder is lost)

What is the most common cause of incontinence in adult female dogs? Usually occurs months to years after neutering.

urethral incompetence

Phenylpropanolamine (Proin is FDA approved) is an ?

alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

Phenylpropanolamine is effective in ____________ of female dogs with urethral incompetence.

85-90%