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Collateral

An asset used to secure a loan.

Credit Limit

Maximum amount a bank allows a client to borrow.

Interest Rate

Cost of borrowing money, expressed as a percentage.

Loan Term

Duration for repaying a loan.

Principal

Original amount borrowed.

NPL (Non-performing Loan)

A loan in default or not generating interest.

Credit Risk

The chance a borrower will default.

Credit Score

A numerical rating of a person’s creditworthiness.

Financial Statement

Documents showing financial performance.

Overdraft

A facility allowing withdrawal beyond balance.

Guarantor

Someone who agrees to repay if the borrower defaults.

Working Capital

Current assets minus current liabilities.

Default

Failure to repay debt.

Amortization

Paying off debt in installments.

Liquidity

Ability to meet short-term obligations.

Debt

Money owed.

Equity

Owner's interest in assets after liabilities.

ROA (Return on Assets)

Net income divided by total assets.

ROE (Return on Equity)

Net income divided by shareholders’ equity.

Profit Margin

Net profit as a percentage of revenue.

Loan Agreement

A legal document outlining loan terms.

Credit Line

An arrangement to borrow up to a certain amount.

Loan Disbursement

The release of loan funds to the borrower.

Interest Payment

Paying interest on borrowed money.

Balloon Payment

A large final payment on a loan.

Debt-to-Equity Ratio

A measure of a company’s financial leverage, calculated by dividing total debt by equity.

Syndicated Loan

A loan provided by a group of lenders to a borrower.

Refinancing

The process of replacing an existing loan with a new one, usually with better terms.

Prime Rate

The interest rate charged by commercial banks to their most creditworthy customers.

Subordinated Debt

Debt that ranks below other loans in case of liquidation.

Fixed-rate Loan

A loan with an interest rate that remains constant throughout the term.

Variable-rate Loan

A loan with an interest rate that can change periodically.

Balloon Loan

A loan that requires a large payment at the end of the term.

Covenant

A condition or clause in a loan agreement.

Debt Restructuring

Modifying the terms of a borrower’s debt to make it more manageable.

Working Capital Loan

A short-term loan used to cover day-to-day operating expenses.

Line of Credit

A flexible loan from a bank that allows a borrower to draw money as needed.

Capital Adequacy Ratio

A measure of a bank’s capital to its risk-weighted assets.

Secured Loan

A loan backed by collateral to reduce risk for the lender.

Unsecured Loan

A loan not backed by collateral.

Creditworthiness

The assessment of a borrower’s ability to repay debt.

Fixed Asset

Long-term assets such as property, machinery, and equipment.

Current Liability

Short-term financial obligations due within one year.

Long-term Debt

Debt that is due for repayment over a period longer than one year.

Cash Flow

The movement of money in and out of a business.

Balance Sheet

A financial statement that shows a company’s assets, liabilities, and equity.

Income Statement

A financial report summarizing a company’s revenues and expenses.

Equity Financing

Raising capital by issuing shares of stock to investors.

Debt Financing

Raising capital by borrowing funds through loans or issuing bonds.

Debt-to-Asset Ratio

A measure of a company’s financial leverage, calculated by dividing total debt by total assets.

Capital Structure

The mix of debt and equity financing used by a company.

Debt Financing

Raising funds by borrowing, usually through loans or issuing bonds.

Equity Financing

Raising funds by issuing shares of stock to investors.

Receivables

Money owed to a business by its customers for goods or services.

Payables

Money a business owes to its suppliers or creditors.

Leveraged Buyout (LBO)

The acquisition of a company using borrowed money to meet the cost.

Asset Management

Managing investments and assets on behalf of clients.

Cash Flow Statement

A financial statement showing the inflows and outflows of cash.

Diversification

The strategy of spreading investments across various assets to reduce risk.

Capital Gains

Profit from the sale of an asset or investment.

Depreciation

The allocation of the cost of a fixed asset over its useful life.

Dividends

Payments made to shareholders from a company’s earnings.

Income Tax

Tax imposed on an individual or business based on their earnings.

Liquidity Ratio

A measure of a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations.

Maturity Date

The date when a loan or bond is due for repayment.

Portfolio

A collection of investments held by an individual or institution.

Risk Management

The process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks in business or investment.

Bond Rating

A grade given to a bond based on its credit quality.

Bond Yield

The return on investment from a bond, expressed as a percentage.

Market Capitalization

The total value of a company’s outstanding shares, calculated by multiplying the share price by the number of shares.

Short-Term Investment

Investment in assets that are expected to be sold or redeemed within a year.

Long-Term Investment

Investment in assets held for more than a year to generate returns.

Risk-Return Tradeoff

The principle that potential return rises with an increase in risk.

Credit Spread

The difference in yield between two different types of bonds, usually of different credit qualities.

Swap Agreement

A financial contract in which two parties exchange cash flows or assets over time.

Hedge Fund

A pooled investment fund that employs various strategies to earn active return for investors.

Treasury Bills (T-Bills)

Short-term debt securities issued by the government, usually with maturities of less than one year.

Credit Default Swap (CDS)

A financial contract that provides protection against the default of debt by one party.

Private Equity

Capital investment in companies not listed on public exchanges.

Convertible Bond

A bond that can be converted into a predetermined number of shares of the issuing company.

Margin Call

A demand for additional funds or collateral to cover potential losses in margin trading.

Yield to Maturity (YTM)

The total return expected on a bond if held until maturity, expressed as an annual percentage rate.

Over-the-counter (OTC)

Trading of financial instruments directly between two parties without a centralized exchange.

Futures Contract

A standardized agreement to buy or sell an asset at a specified future date and price.

Options Contract

A financial derivative that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price.

Venture Capital

Funding provided to early-stage, high-potential startups.

Financial Derivative

A contract whose value is derived from the price of an underlying asset.

Monetary Policy

The process by which a country’s central bank controls the supply of money, often targeting interest rates.

Fiscal Policy

Government policies related to taxation, spending, and borrowing.

Quantitative Easing

A non-traditional monetary policy used by central banks to stimulate the economy by purchasing financial assets.

Inflation

The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises, eroding purchasing power.

Deflation

A decrease in the general price level of goods and services.

Yield Curve

A graph showing the relationship between bond yields and maturities.

Liquidity Risk

The risk that a company may not be able to meet short-term financial obligations due to insufficient cash or assets.

Tangible Asset

Physical assets such as buildings, machinery, and inventory.

Intangible Asset

Non-physical assets like patents, trademarks, and goodwill.

Default Risk

The risk that a borrower will be unable to meet its debt obligations.

Bankruptcy

A legal status of a person or entity that cannot repay the debts it owes to creditors.

Mortgage-Backed Security (MBS)

A type of asset-backed security secured by a collection of mortgages.

Treasury Bonds

Long-term debt securities issued by the government with maturities typically longer than 10 years.