History Test 2

what was enlightenment?

what was enlightenment?

Broad European intellectual movement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries promoting reason, the scientific method, religious skepticism, and the exchange of new ideas.

what did enlightenment entail?

new way of thinking, everyday emphasis on knowledge and learning, appealed towards educated and upper class, contradicts traditional worldviews and folklore, denounces divine intervention

who were the big science names in the enlightenment era?

Newton - pure science, laws of gravity and motion, Accepting only information that passees experiment of logic, Fundamentally changes understanding of the universe and later physics will be based on his ideas (1687)

Franklin - applied science, “Knowledge for sake of knowledge is wonderful and should be pursued, but wouldn't it be better to use that for practical problems”, potbelly stove, kite experiment/lightning rod, and thermodynamics

who were the big philosophy names in the enlightenment era?

Voltaire -  asks what does the existence of clocks prove? Somebody made it. Clockmaker doesn't have to constantly manipulate the clock, god doesn't constantly manipulate the universe. No divine intervention, universe is mechanical

John Locke - disagrees with church’s statement of “we are born sinful, and only through church can we be salvaged” says “why would passionate loving god intentionally punish people”. comes up with blank slate - everyone born innocent

what is diesm?

Religious belief system, popular in the 1700s, saying, there is a creator, god, but lets man handle mankind's problems

politics in enlightenment era

john locke said “mankind is born and has natural rights, this is part of natural law. And these rights include life, liberty, and property. You are entitled to these things, that is your birthright, and no one can take these from you without your consent.”, leads to republicanism. “If governments don't take care of people or violate your rights, that government can and should be resolved and replaced with one who can”

what is pluralism

Broad toleration to other faiths. There can be multiple different interpretations without killing each other over little things, close enough to tolerate

• Legitimization of descent - it’s okay to disagree

  • Translates into politics soon

• Acceptance of science and rationalism into society

what is disestablishment

• Separation of church and state

• People get angry that their tax dollars is going into a church they don't believe in

• Instead of doing all the churches, they do none of them

what is the social compact

• Get together and agree about rules we can live by

  • Only legitimate government is one that has Consent of the governed

  • Locke says divine king stuff is wrong 

  • The only legitimate government 

  • Forms intellectual basis of american revolution later

  • If governments don't take care of people or violate your rights, that government can and should be resolved and replaced with one who can

  • Leads to theory called republicanism

  • Consequences for late 1700s

what is mercantalism

• Dominant theory of the 1700s

• Kind of pro capitalism/government control of economy

• Nations should always export more than they import; sell more than buy

• Works like barter systems, no exchange of gold or silver, but products have value. Trade products for products

• If you don't have raw materials, you must have colonies that support raw materials

• Colonies second purpose is to serve as markets of these manufactured goods

• Colonies should never compete directly with the mother country, they work to benefit, not challenge it

• Colonies are not allowed to trade directly with other colonies of other nations

what were the navigation acts

• An attempt to regulate trade

• 1650

• One of the acts prohibits some form of colonial manufacturing

• All the materials being brought from colonies to england must be shipped on england lead vessels or predominantly english

• None of the acts are strictly enforced

what was the molasses act of 1733

• Trade between new england colonies and french west indies

• Places a 7 cent per gallon tax on imported french molasses

  • Theres no tax on the english molasses, it just sells for higher price

  • French and england or now same price

  • Expects people to support england, but they smuggle french molasses instead (either not pay, or bribe)

  • You only pay the tax on imported french stuff

  • Never strictly enforced, so colonists don't obey it

what were the new lights

• New light ministers are theatrical 

• Not dull and boring/entertaining

• Embraces the new style, deeper felt = more real

• New light style begins to spread across the south, broad appeal to middle and lower class people

how did the old lights feel about the new lights

Old light think new light style will fade out, not real, etc.

what was evangelicanism

•  4 characteristics, becomes mainstream protestant

  • 1. Biblical inheritancy - bible is never wrong, no contradictions, solely the scriptures, bible is only source of church authority

  • 2. Individual salvation - not institutional, you choose what happens to your soul, formal church structure isn't necessary

  • 3. Aggressive recruiting - very active in their preaching

  • 4. Democratizes religion - takes religious beliefs out of the authorities hands, and into the common person

what was rationalism

• Rules based explanation for cause of events

• a new age of reason

• Contrasts with traditional worldviews of folklore and religion

• Everyday emphasis on learning and knowledge

• Breaks churches monopoly on knowledgeWe can discover and learn things without religious intervention

• Not sole purpose of learning for salvation, but to improve life

• Based on logic, natural law

what was the proclamation of 1763

• Right after french and indian war, parliament starts new rule

  • Doesn’t have huge impact right away

  • Deals with natives west

  • During war, natives sided with both sides, but mainly french

  • England has to make peace with natives

  • Natives said they want their reward for siding with britain is for them to stop invading their land

  • Draws a line to stop england for colonizing their land

internal/direct tax

• made to benefit britain directly, revenue measure

• townshend duties (1767)

• stamp act (1765)

external/indirect tax

• went into a third parties hands first

• sugar act (1764)

• tea act (1773)

sons of liberty

• Started in boston (most affected by sugar act, already radicalized)

• Samuel adams (beer)

  • Owned tavern, brewed beer, most popular tavern in boston

  • Taverns are meeting places where information is spread

  • Attracts people from all across the social spectrum (artisans, farmers, merchants, etc.) 

•  still active in each town, expands their activities = committees of correspondence. Starts letter writing campaign between the colonies talking about various way to protest and complaining about parliament overstepping their authority (colonial unity is starting to shape up much more than parliament expected

• Sam Adams and sons of liberty decide that they will have a tea party. Right before the act goes into effect, Adams and his friends are drunk at his tavern. Before dusk, they march to docks. Apparently 3000 people joined him at the docks. Get on tea ships, open tea chests, and dump them in the harbor. Worth 10,000 dollars at the time, or 2,000,000 dollars today

boston massacre (march 5, 1770 in boston)

• Customs house - seed of all government offices, every night in front of the house, they station one lone sentry as a symbol to guard the house. 

  • 6 drunk guys stagger home from tavern and harass him

  • 6 extra troops show up and take position with sentry, but the crowd starts to grow to about 100 people. They yell at soldiers and dare them to fire at them

  • Fire bell goes off, now 500 people are gathered

  • Captain preston stands in front of soldiers trying to negotiate with the townsmen, they want to solve this peacefully 

  • People run out in the middle of the street and hits soldier in the head with a rock snowball, drops his musket and it fires

    • Other soldiers follow suit and fires as well, 5 men lay dead in boston square

  • Preston and his men are arrested and charged for murder

    • Witnessed protested that they never heard him give an order to fire

    • Jury finds preston and all of his men but one, not guilty. Guilty has his thumb branded

  • Paul revere made a drawing of what the boston massacre “looked like”

    • He was not even there that night

    • PROPAGANDA - called it the bloody massacre, fake news but gets circulated in all colonial news so the colonists think that’s how it really went down

boston tea party

• Stands as a long lasting symbol of government power defiance

• Resonates with younger generations more than any other event

• One solution is to meet the tea ships out at sea and convince captain to go around and come back

• Another is that when the tea ships are docked at shore, but the guy refused to unload the tea

• These solutions did not work

• Intimidation also did not work

• East india agent in boston happens to be the son of the colonies governor

• Sam Adams and sons of liberty decide that they will have a tea party. Right before the act goes into effect, Adams and his friends are drunk at his tavern. Before dusk, they march to docks. Apparently 3000 people joined him at the docks. Get on tea ships, open tea chests, and dump them in the harbor. Worth 10,000 dollars at the time, or 2,000,000 dollars today

• They are disguised as native americans, symbol of defiance

• Nobody rats them out, england is pretty angry

• Hutchinson orders a month long investigation that goes nowhere, never caught

• News gets back to parliament and they are mad

1st contienental congress

• Colonists draw on early attempts to unite colonies

  • Describes colonial unity

  • Congress now meets and draws up document known as the souffle resolve - document telling parliament “you can't do this to us”

  • They refuse to pay taxes 

  • Creates continental association

  • Biggest challenge is getting everyone on same page about what they will refuse to buy

  • A split develops within congress, the patriots believe that they should push even harder. Loyalists believe they are already too assertive, parliament disagrees

non-importation

• economic boycott

• Refuses to buy products that have a townshend duty tax on them

• At first, only limited to items with tax, but it evolves to all english goods being shipped over

• Idea is to get english merchants and manufacturers to do dirty work for us, hurts them economically, forced to go to parliament and demand they repeal the townshend duties

• NA colonies have grown to represent ⅓ of english economy, dependent on us to purchase goods, will hurt england

• Inventories pile up that they cannot sell

mobilzation

• draws on the tactic of the great awakening revivalism

  • Instead of stressing dangers to soul, its to your freedom

• Instills sense of urgency, purpose, and mission

• Just as important politically as it was during the great awakening, mass call to action

• We need to convince majority to support the boycott

• Sons of liberty, committee of correspondence become vigilante enforcers of nonimportation agreement

  • Uses public humility or embarrassment 

    • Tar and feathering gets more and more people to comply with the nonimportation agreement

    • When does legitimate protest fall into mob violence?

    • More and more people become less willing to let others decide what's proper social behavior, hurts english economy

hellfire and brimstone

• Talks about joys of heaven and horrors of hell. Scares many and makes them think about religion again

• Doesn't really have a mainstream effect

• emotional style of preaching

committees of correspondence

• expansion of the sons of liberty

• Starts letter writing campaign between the colonies talking about various way to protest and complaining about parliament overstepping their authority (colonial unity is starting to shape up much more than parliament expected

•  become vigilante enforcers of nonimportation agreement

  • Uses public humility or embarrassment 

    • Tar and feathering gets more and more people to comply with the nonimportation agreement

    • When does legitimate protest fall into mob violence?

    • More and more people become less willing to let others decide what's proper social behavior, hurts english economy

• alarmed british authorities and tories

• independent intercolonial communication network

2nd continental congress

• Continental army, drawn from everywhere in the 13 colonies

  • Employs george washington as head of army, southernor (virginia, political move)

  • Continental navy (pathetic) a bunch of cargo and merchant ships tied with cannons

  • They tell parliament that they aren't willing to back down

  • May ‘75, battle of bunker hill, british army attacks boston militia, they retreat but british don't follow because they are badly hurt

    • General gage evacuates boston, too dangerous

  • New document, olive branch petition. Old tradition. When you wanted to make peace with somebody, you offer an olive branch

    • They declare loyalty to king george III, they stress that their connection to the empire is through the king not the parliament

    • Receives petition and is furious, rejects it, says colonists are being insubordinate

whig

• liberal party in english poltiics

• actively supports revolution (patriot)

tories

• loyalist, staying loyal to england, parliament, and kind

• royalist political party

• used by whigs to describe their opponents

loyalists

• Myth = all the elites, also draws their support from across multiple classes, leans more toward upper class

• Draws support from non-english and non-whites

• Has a bad reputation because they lost, they agree with patriots on a lot of the same issues EX: parliament has no right to tax, station troops, etc. but believes revolution is unnecessary and treason

• They gain strength from New York City (dutch before english took it over)

• People choose to remain loyal because:

  • Less time you have spent in america, more likely to remain loyal

  • Job is connected to loyalty to british empire EX: merchants, harms their economic interests

  • Military protection is necessary (french or spanish)

patriots

• They only make up about ⅓ of british colonial population

• 20-30% remain loyal to england

• ⅓ remains neutral (will be forced to take a side)

• Most radicalized, though minority, draws support from all social classes

• Republican ideology

virtual representation

• Prime minister says it is the duty of all members of parliament to represent the best interests of all english subjects no matter where they are, american version: all US senators protect the interests of all US citizens whether they voted for them or not

  • Not a big deal in england, but colonists are going to seize on this principle. You don't have the authority to tax us directly because we don't have members of parliament to vote in our interest

  • Colonists write letter to edman birk, he agreed with colonists and argued for their representation, saying shut up, we don't want representatives, we just don't want to be taxed

  • Unlike sugar act, this generates widespread protests

battle of saratoga

• US first major victory

• English strategy = trying to keep new england away from the rest of the states

• Forced to surrender since he cannot get more troops, october ‘77

• Convinces the french to help in the war

• campaign to take albany

militias

• 200,000 men served in the patriot militias

• Largest number of participants were in militias

• Sometimes they would operate independently or with continental army

• Ordinary people who want to protect their home and family

• They believed that their main responsibility is to protect their village and colony

• Not very good, but good enough. Able to put up enough of a resistant to cause british concern

• They aren't very well trained, discipline is lax

• Continental army gets most of attention because of unification (under washington)

• At its peak at 16,000, becomes better later in conflict

• Lots of desertions, few men volunteer for second session of duty

• Not very many class distinctions, can start as private and work way up to general officer, based on ability to lead and fight

• Women in continental army, confined to typical female duties EX: nurse, laundry, cook, etc. 

continental army

• Continental army augmented by about 8,000 france troops

• drawn from everywhere in 13 colonies

• Employs george washington as head of army, southernor (virginia, political move)

• Continental navy (pathetic) a bunch of cargo and merchant ships tied with cannons

• They tell parliament that they aren't willing to back down

• May ‘75, battle of bunker hill, british army attacks boston militia, they retreat but british don't follow because they are badly hurt

  • General gage evacuates boston, too dangerous

• benedict arnold

battle of trenton

• crossing the delaware

• Christmas day 1776, hessians had a huge party in trenton. Washington and his troops catch them off guard and win

  • Militarily insignificant, psychologically a win

common sense

• Vast majority of these colonists are from english descent and repeatedly declares loyalty january ‘76

•  Thomas paine, recent immigrant. Already radicalized (3rd most widely read book in colonies)

  • They claim that they are failing to protect them

  • “Forfeited his right to rule us because he's not protecting us”

  • Any other course would be slavery

  • Galvanized support for rebellion

  • Becomes customary in tavern for somebody to stand up and read it, turns public opinion towards rebellion and revolution

consent of the governed

• The only legitimate government is the one that the people all agree to live by, aka "The Social Compact."

• life liberty and property

• Get together and agree about rules we can live by

• Only legitimate government is one that has Consent of the governed

• Locke says divine king shtuff is wrong 

• The only legitimate government 

• Forms intellectual basis of american revolution later

• If governments don't take care of people or violate your rights, that government can and should be resolved and replaced with one who can

• Leads to theory called republicanism

• Consequences for late 1700s

salutary neglect

• beneficial neglect

• Colonies benefited from lack of supervision by england

• As colonies continue to grow, england authority is put into question

• Colonies were either forced to take care of their own affairs, or they were allowed to

• England wants opposite, wants to gain more control the more mature they get

townshend duties 1767

• • Comes up with new plan, new “external” taxes

    • We say parliament has the right to pass external taxes, but not direct taxes

    • He labels these as external, but first time trade within the empire is taxed, he knows they are internal (lead, glass, paint, tea, wool coats and hats, etc.)

    • The money is going to be collected in england, directly to english government 

    • Merchants and manufacturers raise price of products to cover tax when selling it to the colonies. They think we won't notice, they are completely aware

    • Potential to diminish local self government

    • Money collected from townshend duties are earmarked (money can only be spent for a specific purpose) to pay the salaries of these royal officials (governors, sheriffs, judges, etc.)

      • There isn't one single guy to protest

  • Protest

    • Cost of living will go up if you purchase items with a townshend duties tax attached to them

    • A political issue over who gets to make the rules over the colonies

• Need to figure out a way to avoid the taxes

  • Pretty well established black market network They can start manufacturing things themselves.

  • Homespun (homemade clothing)

  • Write letters and petitions to parliament

    • Have been doing this from day one complaining and asking for things. They have been pretty much ignoring them

• Circular letter

  • Massachusetts legislature writes a strongly worded statement to parliament that the townshend duties are unconstitutional

    • Says parliament doesn't have a right to levy

    • Sends this letter to other colonies, says “copy this letter and send it to parliament”

    • the number 92, 92 to nothing voted not to repeal letter, carved into trees and such

declaration of independence 1767

• July ‘76, the continental congress takes vote to decide to support independence, many believe it is only option

• Thomas jefferson writes up declaration of causes of why they are separating from england

• Many believe this is treason, and walk out

• 56 guys sign document

• Jefferson plagiarized common sense and social compact by john locke 

• July 4th, they sign it

• How we understand it today, is different then how the signers did

• It creates not government, it just states that the 13 colonies are no longer apart of the british empire

• War officially begins, but war doesn't begin for another 2 months

suffolk resolves

declaratory act 1766

• Britain gets word of protests so they repealed stamp act, but immediately say that parliament has the authority to legislate for the colonies for all matters whatsoever (has complete control and can tax whenever)

• Colonists say no, only local legislatures have to ability to tax them

• Parliament believes they have made a point, both sides feel vindicated and believed they won this clash. The underlying problem still has yet to be resolved - colonial unity

stamp act 1765

• England is deep in debt after the french and indian war, keeps raising citizen taxes

• Prime minister has to come up with a way to satisfy public and raise revenue for crown

• Revenue measure, intended to generate money

• Internal, direct tax

  • Colonies cost england 500,000 dollars a year to maintain, prime minister says that colonists should pay their own expenses

  • Hopes to raise 100,000 dollars per year

  • First direct tax the parliament has tried to lay on the colonies, generates widespread protest

  • Requires a tax on all printed materials (newspaper, playing cards, etc.) especially all legal documents, this affects some colonists more deeply than others (lawyers, merchants, printers - has power and influence, can shape public opinion)

  • Prints don't want to pay tax and neither do the colonists = bootleg

  • You can't buy or sell property without paying the tax. Can't get married, children's birth certificates. Cant divorce, can't die (family can't inherit money if there isn't a stamp on death certificate), no will

  • colonists are going to seize on this principle. You don't have the authority to tax us directly because we don't have members of parliament to vote in our interest

  • sons of liberty and sam adams find there is one person in charge of administering the tax so they taunt him, embarrass him, etc. until they flee and no one wants to become the collector = no taxes

sugar act 1764

• Goal was to keep trade within the empire, make the colonies conform to mercantilism

  • External, indirect tax, a tariff

  • Smuggling has become a lucrative enterprise

  • follow up to molasses act

• Sugar act drops tax on sugar molasses to 3 cents per gallon rather than 7

•  keeping trade within empire

• They object the way they are handles when caught smuggling

  • Before = caught, held trial in your home town. Jury was peers and friend. Commonly found not guilty. England thinks this is a miscarriage of justice. Comes up with military courts in nova scotia.

  •  Now = trial is held in nova scotia, you don't get a lawyer, no jury (violation of long standing english law), judge is military officer who decides guilt v. innocence. Gets a bonus of 5% of smuggled cargo (every verdict is guilty) pure corruption

french and indian war (seven years war) (1754)

• Starts here and spills into europe

• Starts with english penetration into new france

• English want a piece of the fur trade in the ohio valley

• France doesn't have many colonists regardless of territory owned

• French and natives fight together, england won

• Fighting for control of north america

  • There wasn’t much communication with other colonies

  • Once war starts, there’s a notable cooperation between the colonies

• Albany plan 

  • Agreement saying they will all help each other out against the french

  • Franklin says we join together, or french will cut us up like a snake, and we will all die

• War continues for 7 years

• France is driven out 

  • English victory was so overwhelming, they had no choice but to leave

  • They vow revenge on england

  • Spain renews its claim west of mississippi, england takes east  of mississippi

  • England gets lots of wealth

• after war, england left about 10,000 troops to fight off the natives, but they are not attacking

lexington and concord 1775

• Opening battle of the american revolution

• Thomas Gage, Massachusetts (under martial law) gets info that there are rebel leaders taking refuge in a small village of concord outside boston. They're forming militia and stockpiling supplies

• British soldiers go to hijack this mission and kill the leaders

• Famous ride of paul revere - more riders, 2 dozen guys who circle boston because they don't know which route the army will take. They ride to these town to warn “the redcoats are coming”

• William doss has already arrived to lexington so when paul revere arrives, the colonists already know

• At daybreak, the British arrive at lexington. Lexington guys gather at the center of town. The British order militia to disperse, and they refuse. We don't know who fired the first shot, but after, many more were shot. 6 lexington and several british soldiers died

• They scatter to woods, and british go to concord

• They find no rebel leaders nor supplies or stockpiles because they've been evacuated. British goes back to boston

• Because of british soldiers fits, the colonists exit the woods and shoot 

• General gage lost 250 troops on his march back to boston

• 15 months before declaration of independence is signed

communication networks

• newspaper

coersive acts/intolerable acts 1774

• Colonists labeled them the intolerable acts

• Series of laws intended to reverse this defiance and lawlessness

• Most of the laws are aimed at massachusetts, because they are the leader of resistance to british authority

• Dissolution of local government

  • Dissolve massachusetts legislature, and local government

  • All officials are appointed rather than elected

  • Boston harbor act, work until the lost tea is payed for

  • Parts of the act really upsets colonists. 

• Royal officials get a blank check to treat the colonists however they want because their trial is held in england and more often than not, they were  not guilty

“sinners in the hands of an angry god”/jonathon edwards

• congregation minister

• Puritans aren't puritans anymore, congregationalists

• No church hierarchy of bishops and whatnot

• Very concerned of his flock being in damnation

• 1735, delivers one of the most famous sermons, “sinners in the hands of an angry god”

  • Stayed in church for two full days due to sermon

  • Church became full again from impact of sermon

  • Literally trying to scare the hell out of people

  • Spreads to other congregations

  • 1740, it has run its course, faded out

george whitefield

• Starts the bible belt

• Shifts to theological focus, angry to merciful god

• Personal salvation rather than institutional salvation

• Was a hellraiser then an epiphany, jumped at the chance, to bible thump to virginia

• Becomes a traveling preacher

• 25,000 people audience

• Says the focus should be on spiritual excitement, established churches misses the point of devotion to god

• Feeling the love of god is more important than biblical knowledge. Stronger you believe - stronger you will be saved

• Salvation is free, all you have to do is ask jesus

• “The new light, to enter your soul” “born again”

• Priesthood of the believers, all you have to do is believe. Anyone is qualified to preach the bible, as long as you’re passionate

• You get to decide whether you go to heaven or hell

self-suffiency

• george washington goes up river with troops, planted multiple fires to make their army seem larger to gain advantage from fear

• george gathering troops from nothing

• lexington and concord - upper advantage of knowing geographic area over the british

• militias, continental army = voluntary thing

• thomas jefferson = declaration

free holders/yoeman farmer

free agricultural landowner, typically without enslaved laborers or many dependents outside the family

french alliance

• Was kicked out of america during the french and indian war

  • Wants back in and revenge on england

• France begins to secretly supply us with money and supplies, doesn't want to take a chance in recognizing us yet since england is in such a superior position. Wants to see if we can defend ourselves on our own

• ‘78 signs a treaty with us and acknowledges us as an independent nation, send money and supplies, troops, and navy. Gives patriots huge advantage

• After french recognizes us, dutch joins in 

• Spain declares war on england, but does not support our independence

• More of a global war, helps americans stay in the game

• England cannot obtain a substantial victory for a while

battle of yorktown

• General cornwallis orders troops to yorktown, huge tactical blunder. Isolated troops on a peninsula

  • Believes english navy will pick him up

• Blockades yorktown peninsula, but he is still not worried

  • Washington contacts french admiral, french fleet blocks them so british navy cant get through

• Surrenders in october 19, 1781

• Two sides leave their army in tact, but don't have any major engagements after yorktown

women in the revolution

• confined to typical female duties EX: nurse, laundry, cook, etc. 

• homespun

slaves in the revolution

• largest concentration of slaves in new york

• Slaves who participated in british army go back to barbadoes or wherever

• slaves who sided with colonists stayed

• cotton became popular so they were in a tricky spot

• during great awakening, we attempted to Christianize the slaves into baptist and methodist

middle colonies

• new york - dutch before english took it over because of anglo-dutch war, loyalist’s gain strength from it, green mountain boys (vigilante group),

• pennsylvania - backs down from circular letter, easton treaty conference (meeting that improved relations with penn, dutch, and iroquois league, 1763), paxton boys (scots-irish farmers who massacred people), pennsylvania dutch (large group of german immigrants, 1700-1750)

• new jersey - where the first great awakening originated from, 1720, tenant family

• delaware

• maryland

• served as important distribution centers in the English mercantile system.

• Land was generally acquired more easily than in New England or in the plantation South.

• middle ground between its neighbors to the North and South

glorious revolution of 1689

• English deposed king charles, brings in william and mary. They promise they wont try to rule absolutely, but instead parliament becomes the primary power in english politics (limits monarchy’s ability to make rules)

“empire of goods”

term used to describe the way consumption linked dispersed colonial populations to one another and to the british empire during the 18th century