APUSH Unit 1 Test Review

Which crop had a transformative effect on many communities in pre-Columbian North America?

Maize

What agricultural advancement are the Ancestral Puebloans known for?

Irrigation techniques

What was a common adaptation strategy for Native American societies in arid regions?

Mobility

How did the Shoshone people adapt to the Great Basin's conditions?

By relying on a diet of plants, small animals, and fish

What crops are involved in the 'Three Sisters' agricultural method?

Maize, beans, and squash

What is the Iroquois Confederacy known for?

A mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy

What resource allowed societies along the Pacific Coast to develop settled communities?

Abundant natural resources, especially from the ocean

What were the Tlingit people of the Northwest Coast particularly skilled in?

Fishing, particularly salmon

What was a major motivation for European exploration in the late 15th and early 16th centuries?

Wealth, particularly in gold and silver

Which European explorer led expeditions resulting in the plundering of vast amounts of gold and silver from the Aztec empire?

Hernán Cortés

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) demonstrate?

Competition and desire for territorial control

What was the aim of the Spanish missions in California?

To convert Native American populations to Christianity

What does the Columbian Exchange refer to?

The transfer of crops, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe

Which crop significantly boosted European agricultural productivity?

Potatoes

What was a major consequence of the influx of silver from the Americas to Europe?

The development of a money-based economy and global trade

Which innovation was crucial in enabling longer and more precise voyages during the age of exploration?

The caravel

What role did joint-stock companies play in European exploration?

They funded exploration and established colonies

What is the Dutch East India Company (VOC) an example of?

A joint-stock company facilitating trade and colonial expansion

What significant impact did the introduction of horses by the Spanish have?

It affected Indigenous groups' hunting and mobility

What was one effect of the arrival of Europeans in the Americas?

Widespread deadly epidemics among Indigenous populations

What was the purpose of the Encomienda system established by the Spanish in the Americas

To grant land and Native American labor to Spanish colonists

The Silver mines in Potosí, Bolivia, are an example of

A site of severe exploitation for resource extraction

What was a major consequence of if the Declining Native American populations in the colonies

The importation of enslaved Africans

The Transatlantic slave trade primarily supplied labor for:

plantation agriculture and mining

Which Crop cultivation in the Caribbean heavily relied on the labor of enslaved Africans

sugar

The Spanish caste system was primarily designed to:

Regulate access to power and resources

Peninsulares and criollos inthe spanish caste system were

The highest social classes

which group in the Spanish caste system consisted of Individuals of mixed European and Native American ancestry

Mestizos

Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often arose due to

Differences in religious practices and social norms

Pueblo Revolt of 1680 is an example of:

A successful military resistance by Native Americans

What was one Method Native American communities used to resit European encroachment

Forming alliances and diplomatic negotiations

The Valladolid Debate in Spain focused on

The moral and ethical treatment of Native Americans

Bartolomé de las Casas is best known for for:

Arguing against the enslavement and mistreatment of Native Americans

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda argued that Native Americans

Were culturally inferior and deserved harsh treatment

The Introduction of European metal tools in Native American societies is an example of:

A technological exchange