Development of Civilizations Vocabulary

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Key vocabulary words for the Development of Civilizations unit.

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29 Terms

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Neolithic revolution

Shift from hunting/gathering food to the development of agriculture

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Domestication

The process of cultivating plants to maintain a supply and/or taming an animal to keep for eating and breeding.

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Hunter-Gatherers

People who live by hunting, fishing, and harvesting wild food.

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Systematic agriculture

Growing and harvesting food on a regular basis

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Artisans

Skilled workers who make products like weapons and jewelry

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Culture

The way of life of a people in a certain time and place

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Civilization

Complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share several common elements (cities, government, religion, social structure, writing, art)

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City-states

The basic units of Mesopotamian (Sumerian) civilization

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Polytheistic

Belief in many gods

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Ziggurat

Massive, stepped tower that held a Sumerian temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of the city

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Theocracy

A government established by divine authority

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Cuneiform

Sumerian writing using a reed stylus to make wedge shaped marks on clay tablets

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Dynasty

A family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family

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Pharaoh

Title of Egyptian monarch meaning “great house” or “palace”

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Bureaucracy

Administrative organization with officials and regular procedures

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Hieroglyphics

Egyptian writing meaning “priest carvings” or “sacred writings”

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Pastoral Nomads

Nomadic groups who domesticated animals for food and clothing

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Monotheistic

Believing in one God

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Monsoon

A seasonal wind pattern in Southern Asia bringing heavy rainfall

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Sanskrit

Indo-European writing in the Indus Valley

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Aristocracy

Upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from on generation to another

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Dao

“way,” the correct or divine way

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Filial piety

The duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the make head of the family

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Empire

Large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories

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Patriarchal

Dominated by men

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Archaeologists

analyze physical artifacts—like tools, pottery, and ruins—by excavating sites and using techniques such as carbon dating to determine age and historical context.

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Anthropologists

study cultures and human behavior through observation, interviews, and analysis of customs, languages, and traditions to understand societal development over time

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Historians

examine written records, documents, and primary sources (like letters, laws, and speeches), cross-referencing evidence to build accurate accounts of past events

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Geographers

use maps, satellite images, and spatial data to study how human and physical features interact across space and time, often using tools like GIS (Geographic Information Systems)