Biology Final Exam Review

Flashcards about general biology to study for the final exam.

What five elements is life made of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

regulation for prokaryotes are controlled by________, their presence may influence ____________

Operons, transcription

What five elements is life made of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

regulation for prokaryotes are controlled by________, their presence may influence ____________

Operons, transcription

if the operon is inducible, it binds to the Repressor,__________ in order to_______ transcription

Moving it, start

if repressible, bines do repressor and_______ transcription

blocks

for regulation of prokaryotes, the _______ effect will happen if the operon is ________. inducible becomes repressive and repressive becomes inducible.

Opposite, absent

for regulation of eukaryotes, it is controlled by______________

Transcription factors

define promoter

DNA sequence in front of gene where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription

define enhancer

DNA sequence upstream to start transcription

define silencer

DNA sequence upstream to stop transcription

when activators bind to the enhancer DNA, it is known as______ Control

Positive

when the Inhibitors bind to silencer DNA, it is known as________ Control

Negative

Micro RNA regulates___________

Translation

all cells start out as_________

Stem cells

____________ gives a cell it’s purpose, and ____________ helps it revert back to a stem cell.

differentiation, dedifferentiation

what are the four types of mutation?

1. Missense(amino acid changes)

2. Nonsense(stop codon is made)

3. Substitution(single base changes)

4. Frame shift(entire frame shifts when a base is added/removed)

for types of mutations, describe missense

It’s where the amino acid changes

for type of mutation, describe nonsense

It’s where a stamp code is made, stopping the Protein from being made properly.

for types of mutation, describe substitution

A singular base changes, which can lead to any type of mutation taking place.

for types of mutation, describe frame shift

The entire frame shifts as a result of a base being added or removed

All cells need sub-cellular components to:

1. make proteins

2. produce energy

3. reproduce

Autocrine

cell signals itself

paracrine

cell signals nearby cells

endocrine

hormones travel long distances via bloodstream

juxtacrine

direct contact between cells

pathways are called

Cascades

Signal transduction involves

Phosphorylation cascades

__________ activate other proteins by phosphorylation

protein, kinases

__________________ turn off the signal by removing phosphates

Protein phosphates

Signal transduction pathway responses may include

• Activation of enzymes

• Changes in gene expression

• Cell division/apoptosis

if Lianne binds to lain – gated channel, channel__________

Opens up

meiosis reduces chromosome number from__________ to __________

Diploid(2n) to haploid(n)

Anabolism

builds macromolecules through dehydration synthesis

what are the two types of Enzyme activation?

cofactor, which affects in organic compounds and coenzyme, which affects organic compounds

what are the two types of enzyme inhibition

Competitive, where it binds to the active site and allosteric, which changes the active site

catabolism

breaks Macro molecules through hydrolysis

What are the four properties of water discussed?

Water has hydrogen bonds; cohesion and adhesion; high specific heat/heat of vaporization; and ice is less dense than liquid water.

What is dehydration synthesis?

Building polymers.

What is hydrolysis?

Breaking polymers.

What four macromolecules are discussed?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What are the monomers of Nucleic Acids?

Nucleotides

What are the monomers of Lipids?

Fatty Acids

What are the monomers of Proteins?

Amino Acids

What are the three types of lipids?

Triglycerides, Steroids, and Phospholipids

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

DNA and RNA

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Order of Amino Acid, determined by a gene

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

H bonds form between R-Groups (helix) or pleated sheet; local folding

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Whole molecule folding

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Multiple polypeptide chains join together

define fitness

Your ability to survive, nature can select for/against a trait that affects this. It can also fluctuate based on the environment.

what are the five biotechnologies?

1. Electrophoresis(Separates DNA by size

2. PCR(Amplifies DNA)

3. Transformation(Inserting recombinant into bacteria)

4. DNA sequencing( Determines base sequence)

What is the role of Carbohydrates?

Structure, energy, energy storage

What is the role of Lipids?

Energy storage and insulation

What is the role of proteins?

Defense, structure, and receptors

What is the role of Nucleic Acids?

Information storage and transfer

What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

for light Independent(calvin cycle), what are the steps?

carbon fixation, where CO2 is attached to RUBP by Rubisco, reduction, where ATP and NADPH ARE USED TO REDUCE MOLECULES, And regeneration, where RUBP is regenerated for another cycle

define independent Variable

The thing that you Change or what is changed, on X Axis

Define dependent variable

The thing that you measure or What has changed as a result, on the Y Axis

define positive

Has results from variable

define negative

Doesn’t respond from variable

define apoptosis

The ability for a cell toself-destruct

define incomplete dominance

Blended heterozygote

define codominant

Both alleles are fully expressed

define non-disjunction

Chromosomes failed to separate; Leads to disorders like trisomy 21, Turner syndrome, and Kleinfelter syndrome

for light dependent, coverts:

converts light energy into ATP and NADPH

for light dependent, it involves:

The electron transport chain, photo system 2 Which splits water making ATP and releasing oxygen, photo system 1 Which makes NADPH, an ATP synthesis, which uses gradient to make ATP

What 4 things do all cells need?

Membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes

What is the function of rough ER?

Protein synthesis

What is the function of smooth ER?

Detoxification and lipid synthesis

What is the function of golgi?

Correct folding/packing of proteins and then gives to transport vesicles

What is the function of a lysosome?

Digestion

What is the function of a vacuole?

Storage or pumping excess H2O out

What is the function of mitochondria?

ATP production through cellular respiration

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Photosynthesis

define autotroph

Energy from sunlight or chemicals is used to make macromolecules

define heterotroph

Most consume food to make macromolecules

what’s the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?

Aerobic fully breaks down glucose into 36– 38 ATP Per glucose while anaerobic partially breaks it down into 2ATP Per glucose

What four types of transport are discussed?

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endocytosis is transport into a cell, and exocytosis is transport our of a cell

What is the equation for water potential?

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp

What is the equation for solute potential?

Ψs = -iCRT

What does it mean for a solution to be hypertonic?

More solute, less water

What does it mean for a solution to be hypotonic?

Less solute, more water

What does it mean for a solution to be isotonic?

Equals solute, equal water

What are the two types of metabolism?

Anabolism and catabolism

What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is the overall reaction for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

What are the two steps to cellular respiration?

Aerobic(with oxygen) and anaerobic(without oxygen)

What are the four types of cell communication?

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and juxtacrine

What are the three steps for a signal transduction pathway?

Reception, transduction, and response

What are the key phases of interphase?

G1 (cell growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (more growth and preparation for mitosis)

What are the four phases of mitosis in order?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?

G1 Checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, and M checkpoint

What are p53, proto-oncogenes, and oncogenes?

P53 can stop the cell cycle if DNA is damaged. Proto-oncogenes promote the cell cycle. Oncogenes result from mutations in p53/proto-oncogenes and lead to cancer

What are the three ways that meiosis increases genetic diversity?

Crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization

What are the two laws of inheritance?

Law of segregation and law of independent assortment

What are 5 forces that cause evolution?

Natural selection, gene flow, mutation, mate selection, and small population

What are the three main types of selection?

Disruptive (environment chooses both extreme phenotypes), directional (environment selects one extreme phenotype), and stabilizing (environment chooses average phenotype)

What are the 4 conditions for equilibrium?

1. No selection, 2. No gene flow, 3. No mutation, 4. Mating must be random, 5. Population must be large