BY124L Topic 2: Plantae

Plant pigments

• mainly chlorophylls A and B

• Cartenoids (autumn colors) and xanthophylls (yellows)

plants store glucose as

starch

plant cell walls

cellulose

Plant Phyla

• Nonvascular plants (spore-bearing) - called byrophytes

• Vascular Spore bearing

  • Vascular Seed Bearing

Moss Life Cycle

• Gametophyte dominant

• Haploid spores are released from sproangium

• grow into male and female haploid gametophytes (male antheridia and female archegonia) which make haploid sperm and egg

• uses water for spern to fertilize egg to make diploid zygote

• Zygote grows into diploid sporophyte which goes through meiosis to make spores

Moss Mitosis and Meiosis

Only meiosis when sporophytes make spores

Fern Life cycle

• Sporophyte dominant

• Haploid spores are released and develop into a single haploid gametophyte via mitosis

• Heart shaped gametophyte has antheridium (makes sperm) and archegonium (makes egg) via mitosis

• Sperm fertilizes egg via water to make a diploid zygote

• Diploid zygote grows into a diploid sporophyte via mitosis

• Sori on the underside of the leaves have sporangium that make spores via meiosis

Ferns Mitosis/Meiosis

• Only meiosis when sporangium makes spores

Pine Life Cycle

• sporophyte dominant

• diploid Microsporangia (pollen) go though meiosis to make pollen which sits at the entrance to the diploid megasporagium

• Inside the ovulate cone, the megasporocyte goes through meiosis to make a haploid megaspore

• The haploid megaspore grows into a archegonium via mitosis

• Sperm fertilizes egg via pollen tube

  • Diploid seed grows into a sporophyte via mitosis

Pine Mitosis/meiosis

Meiosis when Microsporangium and megasporangium makes pollen and egg

Flowering Plant life

• Sporophyte dominant

• Diploid sporophyte plant has anthers which have microsporangiums that make microspores via meosis and ovaries that have megasporangiums that make megaspores via meiosis

• Haploid Microspores make male gametophyte which hosts pollen

• Haploid Megaspores make female gametophyte (embryo sac) that hosts egg cell

• Pollen tube allows pollen to fertilize the egg to make a diploid zygote in the endosperm (3n)

  • Diploid seed grows into sporophyte via mitosis

Flowering plants mitosis/meiosis

Meiosis when Microsporangium and Megasporangium make micro and mega spores

Gametophyte Dominant groups

Byrophytes (mosses)

Sporophyte dominant groups

All vascular groups

Adaptations to land

• Cuticle - wax that slows water loss

• Stomata - gas exchange

• water not nexcessary for sperm transport

• Lignin - structure in woody plants

• Vascular system - support against gravity via xylem (water via capillary action) and pholem (nutrients)

Byrophyte

• non-vascular, spores

• water for sperm

• no cuticle

• rhizoids (root hairs)

  • homosporous

Types of Byrophytes

• Byrophyta - moss

• Hepatophyta - liverworts, reproduce asexually with gemmae

  • Anthocerophyta - Hornwarts

Lower Tracheophytes

• Vascular, spore bearing plants

• Need water for sperm transport

• tracheid - in xylem that transports water

• Homosporous

• true roots

• Phylum Lycophyta and pterophyta

Phylum Lycophyta

• Club Moss or Ground Pine

• wolf tails

• first with true leaves

• epiphytic (grow on other plants)

• rhizomes

Phylum Pterophyta/Monilphyta

• Ferns, Horsetails, Whisk Ferns

• Equisetum - horse tails with silica cell walls

• Whisk Ferns look like necklaces

• Ferns - have sori

Higher Tracheophytes

• Vascular, seed bearing

• lignin

• tracheids in xylem

• true roots

• Heterosporous

Types of Higher Tracheophytes

• Gymnosperms - naked seed, pine, only tracheids

  • Angiosperms - flowering plants, tracheids and vessel

Types of Gymnosperms

• Coniferophyta - pines, firs, cedars, spruce

• Cycadophyta - Sago palm (but not palm tree)

• Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba, herbal supplement for memory

• Gnetophyta - Mormon tea and ephedra, long leaves

Angiosperms

• Monocotyledonae - one embryonic lead, onions, bananas, pineapples, garlic, wheat, rice

• Dicotyledonae - 2 embryonic leaves, Helianthus (sunflower), dandelions, apple tree

Parts of a flower

Stramen - yellow stalks

Anther - holds microsporangium and make pollen

Stigma - Sticky part to collect pollen

Ovule - Holds the megasporangium