Pollination

pollination: plant reproduction
flower: the reproductive structure of an angiosperm; contain gametes (sperm + egg) needed for respiration
gametophyte: gamete-producing
male gametophyte: pollen grain (sperm)
pollen grain forms two cells: generative cell (produces two sperm) + tube cell (makes a path for sperm to ovary)
female gametophyte: embryo sac (egg)
anther: produce pollen grains
ovule: compartment inside ovary that contains embryo sac + egg
stomata - opens so that oxygen and CO2 can enter/leave the plant; closes if too hot to prevent evaporation rate
guard cells - open the stomata
cuticle - protects the leaf (outer layer) from animals etc.
palisade mesophyll layer - contains the chloroplasts so that the light can be stored
spongy mesophyll layer - contains CO2 and this area does not need much light
double pollination - 2 sperm fertilized at the same time
first: fertilizes the egg (egg → embryo)
second: fertilizes polar nuclei (PN → endosperm - food for embryo)
cross pollination: transfer of pollen to a stigma of a different plant
self pollination: transfer of pollen to the stigma of the same plant
pigments: absorb all the sunlight
→ red + blue pigments absorbed the most, green the least (reflected)
after fertilization, a seed forms around the embryo + the ovary ripens into a fruit