Cultura I Final 2024 - Flashcards

TWE questions para repasar para el final de Cultura I. C: Contextualization; CA: Counterargument; TGE: To a great extent; TSE: to a small extent.

TWE did geography influence the history of Britain?

How significant was geography in the invasions that took place in Britain?

TWE is the sea key to the history of Britain?

CA: there were other factors other than geography that influenced the history of Britain: connections with the continent, the Industrial Revolution, colonialism, religion (no usar todos porque quita fuerza a los argumentos a explicar, solo elegir uno o dos)

TGE

• England is an island (insularity):

  • connection to the sea - passive and receptive, later active and acquisitive

  • easy access - invaders

• Fertility of the soil (southland), warmer weather as compared to Scandinavia (most invaders)

// OTHER WAY OF ARRANGING ARGUMENTS (Cruz):

Geography influenced England TGE:

Negatively:

• RESOURCES + Proximity to the continent → INVASIONS:

• INSULARITY → DELAY (arts and religion)

• SEA → Before Disc. of America: passive and receptive.

Positively:

• SEA → Maritime TRADE / COMMERCE: After the Discovery of America in 1492: active and acquisitive

• Maritime/naval power → Imperial expansion = BRITISH EMPIRE → Expansion ofmarket.

How significant were the Iberians for the development of English Culture?

C: The Iberians were the first invaders, arrived in the Stone Age and settled until the Celts arrived, which was in the Bronze Age.

CA: (Although…)

• legacies were Stonehenge and Maiden Castle

• significant for the development of Welsh and Scottish culture

they were significant TSE

• The process of development of their cultures was interrupted by other invaders: they were subdued, killed or pushed to the West

• they were not warriors

To what extent do you agree with Trevelyan's assertion that "History is governed by geography"?

TGE. If the mountain ranges had stood along the southern and eastern shores of England instead of standing far back to west and north, the tribal invasion of the island from the continent would have been so arduous a task that Britain would not have become the early receptacle for so many different races of vigorous barbarians.

How significant were the Celts for the development of English Culture?

CA = although there is some kind of racial (germanic type) and artistic influence (curvilinear patterns → illuminated manuscripts in the M.A. and even William Blake in the 19th C),

TS = significant to a SMALL extent → They were significant for the development of Irish, Welsh and Scottish culture. Britain was named after the Celtic tribe Britons. The word “London” also has a Celtic origin

● Pattern of invasions: when the Romans arrived they induced some Celts to acquire the latin ways (Pax Romana), and when the Anglo-Saxons arrived, Celts were either killed or subdued, so the process of development of their culture was interrupted.

● Many aspects of culture (political, social, economic, etc) were not influenced by them, only the artistic field.

To what extent were the Iberian, Celtic and Anglo-Saxon settlements significant for the development of English culture?

Iberians - NW Africa, Stoneage-Bronze Age

Legacies: Stonehenge and Maiden Castle

Celts - NE of Europe, Scandinavia - Iron Age

Legacies: artwork and some racial influence

Eventhough the Iberians left legacies such as the Stonehenge and Maiden Castle and the Celts left legacies such as illuminated manuscripts and some racial influence, they were significant TSE.

However, the A-S were significant TGE in many fields

• politically-

  • contributed to political unity (Christianity and Heptarchy)

  • Witan - rudimentary antecedent of Parliament

• Culturally

  • language - old English

  • religion - Christianity

• Economically

  • antecedent of Norman feudalism - open field system

How significant were the Romans for the development of English Culture?

TWE were the Romans able to latinize Britain?

C: The Romans were different to other invaders because they occupied England and did not settle. Their occupation lasted almost 4 centuries (41 CE- 410 CE)

CA: ALTHOUGH they left legacies

• city sites

• roads that would last until the Industrial Revoution

significant TSE

• nature of the invasion: military occupation, not settlement. did not bring family thus didn’t mingle

• isolation of Britain: Britain was far from Rome, weren’t able to unify their empire as easily (?

• characteristics of the following invaders (A-S): uncivilized and destroyed every trace of civilization

How significant was the Roman Occupation at the time it took place?

C: The Roman occupation took place between 41 CE and 410 CE. It was an occupation destined to expand the Roman Empire.

CA: Although the Romans failed to conquer the Northern part of the island, i.e . Scotland, at that time,

the RO was significant TGE at the time it took place:

• developed a kind of political organization: a centralized system with England divided into provinces governed by appointed officials

• progress to the island: improved the Celts’ living conditions (built pipes for running water, built Roman villas)

• Pax Romana

• connection to the continent

How significant were the Anglo-Saxons for the development of English Culture?

TSE

CA = Even though their developments were also interrupted by other invaders (Danes and later Normans)

TGE

Political field

• heptarchy - steps toward political unity

• Bretwalda - steps toward political unity

• the Witan - very rudimentary Parliament

Social field

• emergence of social classes - thanes, churls, and slaves. change from a tribal organization to a feudal organization.

• there was social mobility: a churl could become a thane if acquired 5 hides of land

Economic field

• introduction of feudalism - open-field system that lasted until the IR

• emergence of social classes due to this

Religious field

• coming of Christianity - political unity, connections with the continent that had been lost when the Romans left, still the same religion today.

To what extent was the Witan a democratic body representative of the Anglo-Saxon people?

TWE was the Witan significant for the history of England?

C: the Witan was an advisory body chosen by the king. the requirement to be part of it was knowledge.

CA: although the Witan had the right to depose the king in case of malpractice,

it was a democratic body or representative TSE

• it wasn’t democratic: appointed by the King (favourites)

• it wasn’t representative: members of the aristocracy, qualification was wisdom

//

significant to the history of England = It was a very rudimentary antecedent of Parliament

How significant was the establishment of Feudalism?

CA: Although other factors were significant for the history of England, such as her geography (?,

the establishment of feudalism was significant TGE

• agriculture remained the main source of income for centuries until the IR

• emergence of new social classes

• centralization of the monarch’s power

• laid the foundation for Norman feudalism?

TWE was the Synod of Whitby significant for the history of England?

C: the Synod of Whitby was an assembly that took place in the 7th century under King Oswy’s rule in Northumbria. The assembly gathered to decide whether which stream of Christianity would prevail: the Roman or the Welsh. King Oswy, influenced by his wife, chose the Roman stream.

CA: although it did not impede for Welsh Christianity to continue developing in Ireland, Scotland and Wales,

significant TGE

• Religion: Roman Christianity. This alignment with Rome helped to integrate the English Church into the mainstream of Western Christianity and fostered closer ties with continental Europe.

• Cultural: cultural exchange and intellectual connections with the wider Christian world, spread of Latin literacy and Roman learning in England.

• Political: step toward political unity: if they could accept a head of the church, now they could more easily accept a head of state

TWE were the Danes significant for the development of English culture?

C: the Danes invaded England first in 878 under king Alfred’s rule and then in 978 under Ethelred’s rule. They successfully settled after their second invasion, under Sweyn’s rule.

CA: Although culturally they did not mean a significant change because the A-S were germanic like them,

they were significant TGE

• they infused England with their commercial spirit

• allowed towns to flourish because of trade

• they meant a step towards political unity (the country under one King)

• word family of “law” is Danish, contributed to the legal system

• Danelaw, danegeld

TWE was the measure of Danegeld successful?

CA: Although it kept the vikings from invading England for some time

the measure was successf. TSE

• that is the reason why Ethelred was called “The Unready“, because he was a weak king that taxed his people

• Vikings came for more and more money until he ran out of it

• the regular imposition of the tax placed a significant financial burden on the population, particularly landowners, which could lead to social unrest and discontent

TWE were the Normans significant for the development of the English culture?

C: the Norman period started in 1066 with the conquest of William I or William the Conqueror who fought the Battle of Hastings against Harold II and won. The Norman period lasted for almost 4 centuries.

CA: Although aspects such as the Norman identity were assimilated to the English one and thus lost throughout the history of England, the Normans were significant

TGE

Highly significant:

● Economy: they modified AS feudalism to Norman (territorial) feudalism. Norman feudalism became a system of land possession. Land was the pillar of the economy. It was the most important source of wealth and production. Feudalism became TERRITORIAL.

● Political: William centralized all the power in his hands- the Witan was transformed into the Great Council (relevant for democracy for the issuance of the Charter of Liberties 1100 which later on paved the way for Magna Carta)

● Social: emergence of new social classes (decay of feudal system)

● Religion: During the Norman period, conflicts between the monarch and the pope started, for example, William I’s conflict with Gregory the VI. This can be taken as an antecedent for further conflicts that led to the reformation.

● Cultural: England became in contact again with the Mediterranean civilization. William's victory destroyed England's links with Scandinavia, bringing the country into close contact with the continent. - Three languages were spoken- Many castles and churches were built: The Tower of London

TWE was William the conqueror able to ensure his power?

C: As a result of William’s imposition of territorial feudalism in England and the methods of control he resorted to, the political power was centralized in his hands. Thus, under the Conqueror's reign, the political unity of the country strengthened.

CA: Although the process of accepting William as the powerful monarch that he was took time because society still prioritized the principles of lordship,

To a GREAT extent because he took different measures to prevent the members of the aristocracy from being so powerful

● Distribution of Lands: After the conquest, William redistributed land to his supporters (the Norman barons), but he dispersed the lands across the country. This made it harder for barons to build concentrated power bases or rebel, as they were not able to easily unite large territories.

● The Domesday Book: were commissioned to monitor the possessions of the barons and ensure they were not withholding resources from the crown.

● Prohibition to build castles: only the barons who lived on the borders (kept family ties)

● The Oath of Salisbury: I. This vow prevented barons from pledging loyalty to other nobles, thereby reducing the likelihood of powerful barons forming their own private armies

● Baronial Courts: William allowed barons to maintain their own local courts, but these were subject to royal oversight. This kept barons in check, ensuring they didn’t become too powerful or independent. The king could intervene in disputes and reinforce his control over the baronial class.

● Administrative System (Sheriffs and Officials): William established an effective administrative system, including the appointment of sheriffs who were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and ensuring that dues were paid to the crown.

TWE was Norman Feudalism similar to Anglo-Saxon Feudalism?

C = In the EMA, Normans transformed Anglo-Saxon Feudalism into Norman or Territorial Feudalism, becoming a system of land tenure according to which land was held in return for military or field services rendered.

CA = Although both were hierarchical systems

they were similar to a SMALL extent:

● Centralized control (N): with Domesday Book and the Exchequer

● Distribution of lands: Anglo-Saxon lands confiscated and granted to Norman nobles. This change solidified Norman control over England and created a new Norman aristocracy

● In times of the Anglo-Saxons it was not territorial because they were not given lands; instead they were given horses and weapons.

● A-S social mobility and N feudalism NO social mobility

TWE did the Norman Feudal System change the Anglo-Saxon social class structure?

Although there was still an upper class and lower class,

the NFS changed … TGE

• the Normans reorganized AS society making all of the AS society part of the lower class, the villeins.

• there was no middle class in NSF

• there was no social mobility

TWE did the Black Death to account for the decay of feudalism?

C: The Black Death was a plague that killed almost half of the population in England, happened in the XIV century (1348)

CA: BD killed mostly villeins who were the only ones who tilled the land, this contributed to them realizing how valuable their work was

TS: the BD was to account for the decay of feudalism TSE because the commutation of services and the alienation of the demesne contributed more significantly to the decay

A1: commutation of services: villeins started to pay annual amount of money to their lords instead of tilling the land (copyholders). the ones who worked the land now were the free labourers, and they were paid with the money the lord received from copy holders

A2: alienation of the demesne: lords started leasing the land to farmers with more acquisitive power, i.e. tenant farmers, turning into squires.

What led to the rise of capitalism in the middle ages?

the growth of trade with the Netherlands

the expansion of the market

a based economy changing to a money based economy

a corporate society yielding to an indidivualistic society focused on own profit - new social classes: early capitalists

appearance of domestic system

What were the consequences of the rise of capitalism?

disappearance of the guild system and the introduction of the domestic system

no more corporate society

the position of the aristocracy was checked by the rising HMC

new social classes gained more power (early capitalists)

TWE did the position of craftsman change after the rise of capitalism?

-CA: Although the craftsmen still counted on their own instruments of production to manufacture products,

the position of craftsmen changed… TGE

craftsmen started depending on the middle men because the middle men bought the raw material, set the prices and sold the finished products in the market (craftsmen did not own the raw material or finished product)

To what extent were the Witan and the Great Council governing bodies representative of the English nation?

CA: Although both bodies advised the king and were able to depose him in case of misgovernment,

they were governing bodies representative…TSE since they were advisory and only represented a small portion of the population.

TWE was Magna Carta an important step towards democratization?

C: Magna Charta was a document that was signed after John Lackland’s misgovernment and abuse of power. The barons at that time forced him to sign this Great Charter in order to grant them the rights and liberties they lacked of.

CA: Although the Magna Charta meant changes only for barons,

it was an important step … TGE because it limited the king’s power, it granted rights and was an international framework for other important documents in the future of England and other democracies internationally

it was the first time that the king was subject to the law, meaning it was the first time his power was being checked

It included clauses that protected individual rights,such as the right to a fair trial, and introduced the idea that taxation should not occur without consent, which would later influence democratic practices.
Influence on Future Documents: It laid the groundwork for later constitutional documents, such as the Petition of Right (1628), Habeas Corpus Act (1679) and the Bill of Rights (1689), which further solidified parliamentary authority and citizens' rights

TWE were Simon’s and Edward’s parliaments important steps towards democratization?

CA: Although both these parliaments were not fully representative because the members of the parliament were not voted but invited to parliament,

they were both important steps towards democratization TGE because of the change in composition and structure compared to the Great Council and the Witan

as regards composition, it was the first time that other members that were not from the aristocracy were a part of parliament: the Commons included 2 classes: the gentry and the HMC of merchants and traders

as regards function, parliament was able to exercise control over taxation with a renewed representation

TWE was Simon’s parliament representative of the people?

TSE

TWE was the model parliament representative?

TSE

TWE did the emergence of new social classes influence the economic, social, and political power of the aristocracy?

TWE did the position of aristocracy change from EMA to LMA?

Although in the MA aristocracy had significant economic power because they held land,

their position changed TGE because

Edward III’s Quia Emptores and Statute of Quo Warranto highly limited their power economically and legally respectively.

Quia Emptores was issued to reduce the barons' economic power. Before this, the king granted land to barons, and they granted it to knights. Edward III changed this so knights would hold their land directly from the king instead of the barons.

The Statute of Quo Warranto limited the barons’ legal power. This statute meant that in order for a baronial court to be recognized as existent, it should be recognized by the king himself.

TWE were the Norman and the Gothic Style similar?

C: the Norman style was developed in the 11th Century and the Gothic style was developed in the 13th (EMA), 14, and 15th century (LMA)

CA: Although these styles had the same building type, i.e. ecclesiastical buildings,

they were similar TSE

as regards their context of production, Norman buildings looked thick and strong in order to prevent barbarians to invade the buildings. As regards the Gothic style, what was expected from the building was to represent the power of the Church and to highlight verticality in order to be closer to God.

In terms of the building’s features, they were very different. Norman achitecture was also called Romanesque because it had some Roman features such as the rounded arches in the buildins’ windows and doors, also in their small size. They were decorated very simply and also had barrel vaults. Also, although they looked strong, they werent because their walls were very fragile since they were 2 pannels filled in with rubble. That is why the windows were very small. On the other hand the Gothic style is characterized by its profuse decoration, pointed arches and ribbed, fan and star vaults, which were more complex than the barrel vaults used in the Norman buildings. The use of buttresses allowed the Gothic buildings to have thinner walls and thus larger windows, shaped as lancets.

TWE were the Early English and Decorated styles similar?

C: The Early English style was developed during the 13th century and the Decorated styles was developed in the 14th centuy

CA: Athough they differed in the amount of decoration

They were similar TGE mainly because the Decorated period was mainly a period of development and not invention. The focus was put on the development of window tracery, but there was not really a main shift in structure or design. What the Early English and Decorated styles share are features such as pointed arches, long windows, verticality, buttresses, highly decorated columns.

TWE were the Early English and Perpendicular styles similar?

Although they belonged to the same style

they were similar TSE mainly because the power the Catholic Church had in the EMA decayed in the LMA, and the overall structure and design of the buildings as well as the building type changed.

Early English - building type: cathedrals. the accent was put in height and verticality. Cathedrals were highly decorated and had pointed arches, ribbed vaults.

Perpendicular- building type: chapels or secular buildings (such as Westminster Hall). They were smaller and not vertical, but horizontal. They were also simpler due to the workforce shortage after the BD. Considered to be a truly English style since it was a return to simplicity and austerity and this style was differentiating itself from what was happening in the continent.

The most defining features of the perpendicular style are enormous perpendicular windows seen in the facade of the building and flat pointed arches (and in some cases hammer beam roofs)

To what extent was the Decorated Style similar to the Perpendicular Style?

C: The Decorated style developed in the 13th century and the Perpendicular style developed in the 14th century

Although both styles belong to the Gothic style of architecure in England

Decorated style: ornate window tracery, elaborate decorative elements, and emphasis on curved lines. CATHEDRAL

-The Perpendicular style: strong emphasis on verticality, large windows, intricate fan vaulting, and decorative paneling.CHAPEL

-Return to simplicity: black death (less craftsmen and architects), diminishing power of the church (chapels), rise of lay culture (compromise between God -vertical lines- and man -horizontal lines)

TWE did historical background influence Early English Style?

The Church's economic power, derived from its vast landholdings and the wealth it received from individuals seeking to secure salvation by donating their lands, enabled the construction of massive cathedrals that showcased its financial dominance. The size and grandeur of these cathedrals also reflected the god-centered philosophy of early medieval society, with their towering structures symbolizing a desire to be closer to heaven.

TWE did historical background influence Decorated Style?

The Church's economic power, derived from its vast landholdings and the wealth it received from individuals seeking to secure salvation by donating their lands, enabled the construction of massive cathedrals that showcased its financial dominance. The size and grandeur of these cathedrals also reflected the god-centered philosophy of early medieval society, with their towering structures symbolizing a desire to be closer to heaven.

In the Decorated style, England was rapidly becoming a prosperous nation, and with propserity came an increased love of gaiety and comfort. There was also an increasing availabilty of glass allowing the development of windows.

To what extent did the economic and social changes of the XVth century (Perpendicular Style) impact upon the architecture of the period?

C: In the XV century, after the Black Death struck on England, the church saw the decay of her towering/imposing power mainly due to the rising importance of a lay culture that questioned her power.

CA: Although in that century some of the buildings that were erected were still ecclesiastical and had a great amount of detail,

the economic and social changes of the XV century impacted upon the architecure of the period TGE because the decay of the power of the church led to the return to simplicity and a shift in the building type of that Gothic style

TWE was the elaboration of manuscripts an easy process?

C: Illuminated manuscripts were books made by craftsman entirely by hand. The people involved in the process are called scribe (writes), illuminator (draws) and craftsman.

CA: Although the work of producing manuscripts was divided among many workers,

the process was easy TSE due to the skill and time they required

As regards what was written or drawn on the parchment, this process could take months if not years because it required incredible skill since it was a very detailed work. In addition, every drawing that the illuminator had to make had to be very small and perfectly made.

Concerning time, in order to create parchment, a very long and tedious process had to be carried out. The skin was soaked, then stretched, and scraped. Moreover, the drawings, which were highly detailed, also took months and the completion of the manuscripts could then take months or even years.

TWE was the illuminated manuscripts’ production influenced by the context?

TWE did the manuscripts reflect religious and social spheres of English society?

CA:

illuminated manuscript’s production were influenced by the context TGE because the manuscripts reflected religious aims in the EMA and social or more secular aims in the LMA.

//

The manuscripts reflected religious spheres because in the EMA they had a religious subject matter and in the LMA theyreflected social spheres because they reflected secular subject matters. In the EMA, the illuminated manuscripts reflected the power of the Church through biblical passages and teachings (like Lindisfarne Gospel)

In the LMA, farming scenes were reflected in the psalters because the power of the church had decayed by now.

TWE did the Church enjoy a powerful position during the EMA?

C: EMA: CONSOLIDATION / CLIMAX of the economic, social, political, cultural, spiritual and legal power of the church

CA: Although the king was powerful in the EMA,

the Church enjoy a powerful poisition during the EMA TGE because she was powerful in every field.

Politically: the clergy was part of the Witan, the advisory body of the king

Economically: they held lands granted directly by the king and were also given lands by people who believed they escaped damnation by donating their lands to the Church

Legally: the Church had been granted her own courts (benefit of clergy)

Culturally: the Church held the monopoly of education: the teachers were clerics and the aims were religious

Socially: they belonged to the aristocracy

Spiritually: society at that time had a god-centered philosophy

TWE did the position of the Church change during the LMA?

C: The LMA, spanning from the 14th to the 15thC, was marked by the decay of the power of the church in almost every field.

CA: Although the spiritual power of the Church was still very important,

the position of the Church changed during the LMA TGE due to the feelings of anticlericalism and antipapalism

Anticlericalism is defined as the feelings of the laity against the malpractices of the clerks and the Church.

• some of the factors that contributed to these feelings included absenteeism, pluralism, worldliness and greed, the rise of a lay culture which started to question the clergy with a critical attiude, John Wycliffe and the Lollard Movement who questioned the dogma of the Church from within and translated the Bible to English

Antipapalism is defined as the feelings of the monarchs against the Pope

• some of the factors that contributed to these feelings include the feelings of nationalism after the Hundred Years’ War, the Babylonish Captivity, the several clashes between monarchs and Popes (for example when Pope Gregory VII claimed his right to appoint bishops under William I reign)

TWE did education serve religious purposes during the EMA?

C = In the Early Middle Ages (EMA), education was primarily under the control of the Church, with monastic schools and cathedral schools serving as the main centers of learning.

CA = "Even though there were occasional secular schools, education served religious purposes in the EMA TGE because it was primarily controlled by the Church to train clergy and focused on preserving and teaching Christian doctrine

● Church held monopoly: This is the period of the climax of the power of the church; thus, the church held the monopoly over education.

● Subjects: In these institutions, the subjects taught were: Religion, Reading, Writing and Singing. They were taught the ten commandments, the seven deadly sins, they sang religious songs and they were taught simple reading and writing in Latin. Everything was within the realm of the church.

● In these institutions, the teachers were the members of the church, mainly priests, monks, and nuns.

● The most important development in the field of education during the middle ages was the emergence of universities: first Oxford (XII), then Cambridge (XIII). The subjects were mainly Theology, Metaphysics, Cannon and Philosophy.

● Latin Language- Latin was the common language of learning - learned men looked back to the latin culture of antiquity as the origin and source of their studies

TWE did the management of education change in the LMA?

TWE did the Tudor period mean the continuity of economic changes?

C:The Tudor period, which took place between 1485 and 1603, marked the reign of the Tudor dynasty in England and was a time of significant prosperity in the nation’s history

CA: Although the monarchs in this period implemented new ways of controlling the country’s imports and exports, i.e. mercantilist policies

the Tudor period meant the continuity of economic changes TGE because this period saw the consolidation of capitalism and a further expansion of the market

● Growth and consolidation of trade → The commercial expansion played an important part in the process which turned England into a sea-faring, industrial, capitalist State.

○ Further expansion of the market overseas (after the Discovery of America new routes emerged and made the market broader) this is the start of England having an active and acquisitve relation with the sea

● Consolidation of CAPITALISM (Merchant Capital) thanks to: Further expansion of the market overseas (after the Discovery of America new routes emerged and made the market broader)

○ Further growth and consolidation of trade (Spain and Portugal held monopoly over trade in America, but after the defeat of the Spanish Armada England could enhance her trading activities and consolidate as an overseas power)

○ Growth of industrial activities (gold & iron mining industries)

○ Consolidation of the HMC of merchants and traders

TWE did the Tudor period mean the continuity of social changes?

C:The Tudor period, which took place between 1485 and 1603, marked the reign of the Tudor dynasty in England and was a time of significant prosperity in the nation’s history

CA: Although this period meant the continuity of economic changes,

it also meant the continuity of social changes TGE because there was a consolidation of the HMC and a deterioration of the power of the aristocracy

consolidation of the HMC

England was in an era of growth of trade and also a further expansion of the market which led to the consolidation of this social class. Also, the fact that they were now recognized by the monarchs in order to create a community of interests consolidated their political power as well

deterioration of the power of the aristocracy

Dissolution of Monasteries in 1535 led to the selling of the land to a cheaper price to the HMC, checking the economic power of clerks, who were members of the aristocracy, since land meant power because agriculture was still the main source of wealth

TWE did the Tudor period have an impact on the political field?

C:The Tudor period, which took place between 1485 and 1603, marked the reign of the Tudor dynasty in England and was a time of significant prosperity in the nation’s history

CA: Although the Tudor period had an impact on the social field,

the Tudor period had an impact on the political field TGE because it meant the emergence of a community of interests between the monarch and the HMC and the consolidation of royal authority

community of interests rose from the yearning of the HMC to consolidate their economic position. For this, they needed political stability, and that’s why they supported the monarch. Consequently, the king wanted to establish a strong personal rule

consolidation of royal authority: due to the fact that they were absolute rulers, they held all the power in their hands. They also believed in the Divine hereditary right of the monarch which meant that there was no person that could question the power of the monarch other than God him/herself ;)

TWE did the Tudor monarchs control the economy of the country?

C:The Tudor period, which took place between 1485 and 1603, marked the reign of the Tudor dynasty in England and was a time of significant prosperity in the nation’s history

they controlled the economy of the country TGE because they regulated the economy of the country by the use of mercantilist policies in home industry and in international trade

Home industry: restrictions and prescriptions in every step. The government controlled the wages, how long were the workers employed, the quality of the products, the patents of monopoly…

International trade: a system of tariffs and duties on imports and exports. Agriculture had the corn laws as a legal pillar: purpose of the corn laws was to protect the agriculture of the country. The legal pillar for navigation was the navigation acts; its purpose was to foster the merchantile marine

TWE did the Tudor period mean the continuity of religious changes?

the Tudor period meant the continuity of religious changes TGE because this period saw the break with the papal authority and the country’s change into Protestantism

With antecedents in LMA:

● Feelings of anticlericalism (in the LMA Wycliffe and the Lollard movement + growing lay culture)→ fostered changes in doctrine → denial of transubstantiation (Edward VI)

● Feelings of anti-papalism → developed into the issue of the royal divorce (Henry VIII) → changes in structure = the King as the Head of church.

New changes thanks to that:

● Break with Catholicism: Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy (1534) made him the Supreme Head of the Church of England, severing ties with the Pope and initiating religious reforms that would continue through the Tudor period leading to the emergence of the Anglican Church.

● the second Book of CP under the reign of Edward VI (with the protectorate of Northumberland) openly rejected catholic dogma → denial of transubstantiation. The country became officially Protestant

No se si hablar de Elizabeth pero en el caso de que pregunten:

• the title Supreme Head of the Church was changed by Elizabeth I through the 2nd act of supremacy, she changed it to supreme governor so that it would be less provocative

• another BofCP was issued which was open to free interpretation, it did not lean towards explicit Catholicism or Protestantism

TWE was England a protestant country during Henry VIII’s reign?

CA: Although Henry VIII broke away with the Pope through the Act of Supremacy by claiming himself as the head of the church,

England was a protestant country TSE because the Catholic dogma was not denied and the fact that he considered himself a Catholic.

Catholic dogma was not denied because there was not any BofCP that was issued

he considered himself a Catholic in every field but he did not accept the Pope as the head of the church

TWE was the royal divorce the main cause of reformation?

Although it was the immediate cause

The Royal divorce was the main cuase of the reformation TSE because the denial of transubstantion and the Act of Supremacy were more significant.

TWE was England a protestant country during Edward VI’s reign?

C = Edward VI (1547–1553) reign saw significant changes in England’s church doctrine and practices under the influence of key Protestant figures like Thomas Cranmer and the reformist council.

CA = Even though part of the English society was still Christian, // Even though the church still had the hierarchical organization of the Christian Church (he was head of church),

TS = England was a Protestant country to a GREAT extent during Edward’s reign.

● Many measures were taken that made england protestant:

○ Churches were whitewashed bc of the simplicity of worship

○ Mises were celebrated in English

○ Monarch and not the Pope was head of the Church

● He denied transubstantiation with the 2nd book of prayers by the Duke of Northumberland: This turning of England into Protestantism is clear evidence of people's critical attitudes on the part of the educated men (the Higher Middle Classes mainly). England became protestant through religious reforms: changes in the essential Catholic doctrines.

TWE was the Church protestant during Elizabeth I’s reign?

C = Elizabeth’s reign: 1558-1603 – 3rd stage of the Reformation.

CA = Even though it leaned heavily towards full Protestantism,

TS = to a CERTAIN extent as it reached a compromise between catholicism and protestantism:

● It Catholic in structure: episcopal hierarchy, bishops and courts under the supreme

government = she was Governor of the Church and of state

● It Protestant in doctrine: denied transubstantiation in her 39 articles

In what ways was the Renaissance a rebirth?

● Rediscovery of Classical Knowledge and Learning: Renaissance scholars and artists looked back to the achievements of ancient Greece and Rome, reviving classical texts, philosophies, and artistic techniques that had been largely forgotten.

● Advances in Art and Architecture: Art during the Renaissance experienced a significant rebirth in technique, style, and subject matter. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael sought to capture human emotion, realism, and anatomy in unprecedented detail.

● Revival of Classical Knowledge: There was renewed interest in Greek and Roman texts, which influenced philosophy, literature, and education, through humanism.

How did Humanism differ from the worldview dominant in Medieval society?

C = Humanism, which emerged during the Renaissance, focused on human potential, reason, and the study of classical Greek and Roman texts, whereas the Medieval worldview was centered around religious faith, divine authority, and the afterlife.

CA = Even though both Humanism and the Medieval worldview shared a reverence for religious faith

TS = It differ to a GREAT extent

● Individualism vs. Divine Authority: Humanism emphasized personal achievement fostering a focus on self-improvement and intellectual exploration, while the Medieval worldview focused on God and the afterlife

● Secular vs. Religious Learning: Humanists studied literature, philosophy, and history from classical sources, while medieval thinkers prioritized theology and religious texts

● Reason vs. Faith: Humanists valued reason and empirical evidence, while Medieval society largely relied on faith and religious tradition for knowledge and understanding.

Why did Renaissance develop later in England?

lack of patronage (In Italy, wealthy families like the Medici sponsored artists and thinkers, creating an environment for the Renaissance to thrive. England's nobility did not prioritize such patronage until later, particularly under the Tudor dynasty)

the reformation

England’s geographic location

nationalism

How did Humanism impact education?

• Focus on Classical Learning
  Humanists revived interest in the literature, philosophy, and arts of ancient Greece and Rome. Education emphasized classical texts in their original languages (Latin and Greek), fostering a deeper understanding of historical perspectives.

• Broadening of Curriculum
  Education expanded beyond medieval scholasticism (theology and logic) to include the studia humanitatis: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy. This created a well-rounded curriculum aimed at developing virtuous and articulate individuals.

• Emphasis on Individual Potential
  Humanism promoted the belief in the dignity and potential of the individual. Education aimed to cultivate a person’s talents and prepare them for active participation in civic life.

• Practical Application
  Humanists believed education should have practical benefits, such as improving communication, governance, and ethics. The goal was not only intellectual development but also producing capable leaders and informed citizens.

• Changes in Teaching Methods
  Humanists introduced more engaging and dialogical methods of teaching, emphasizing critical thinking and the ability to analyze texts rather than rote memorization.

• Promotion of Secular Knowledge
  While religion remained important, humanism encouraged a more secular approach to education, focusing on earthly life and human achievements alongside spiritual matters.

• Inspiration for Educational Institutions
  Humanism inspired the establishment and reform of schools and universities, with educators like Erasmus and Vittorino da Feltre promoting humanist ideals. These institutions became centers for disseminating Renaissance thought.

How did Humanism in England differ from Humanism on the Continent?

On the continent, humanism reacted against the monopoly of education of the Church, it was a secular movement.

English Humanism wanted to break down with the scholatic system and introduce an ecclesiastical reform (reform related to malpractices). In England it was more of a religious movement. It reacted against some wrong doings and malpractices of the Church. The aims of the Humanists in England was to purify the Church as an institution of all its evils.

Twe were Inigo Jones and Cristopher Wren similar?

While the Renaissance was developing on the continent, the English adhered to the medieval tradition in the field of architecture. What factors may account for England’s adherence to that tradition?

• Inigo Jones (1573–1652):

  • Known as the first significant English architect to introduce Renaissance architecture to England. His style was heavily influenced by Palladianism, drawing on the classical principles of proportion and symmetry established by Andrea Palladio. Focused on simplicity, clarity, and classical elegance. However, he did not take into account the British ways, he did not adapt the buildings to the English climate for instance.

• Christopher Wren (1632–1723):

  • A key figure of the Baroque period in England, although his style evolved to incorporate elements of both Baroque grandeur and classical restraint. Played a central role in the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire of 1666, notably designing St. Paul’s Cathedral. He did adopt his buildings to the English ways: he added stee rofs, large widows, chimney stocks. His style was also anticipating the coming of the Baroque.

TWE were the perpendicular and the Tudor styles similar?

dissimilar:

perpendicular: perpendicular windows

tudor - exposed brick, chimneys, usually palaces to accentuate royal authority -portico - oriel windows - gatehouse

similar:

hammer beam roofs

big windows in the facade

mock battlements

flat pointed arches

non secular buildings

TWE are the Tudor and Elizabethan and Jacobean styles similar?

TSE

dissimilar:

shape of the building

building type: Tudor: palace or non secular/ Elizabethan: domestic buildings

material: tudor - brick / Elizabethan: stone

Tudor is inspired in the baroque - chimneys - eclectic shape

gatehouse - hammerbeam roof

Elizabethan inspired in classical architecture - horizontality proportion

oak pannels - coat of arms - fireplace

similar:

oriel windows

chimneys

both are transitional types of architecture

TWE were Tudor and Renaissance architecture similar?

-Renaissance architecture: Originated in Italy. Characterized by a conscious revival and reinterpretation of classical elements like columns, pilasters, pediments, and symmetrical proportions.ECCLESIASTICAL. ROMAN AND GREEK STYLE.

- Tudor architecture: Originated in England. Retained many elements of medieval design, resulting in a hybrid style that blended old and new influences. SECULAR/DOMESTIC. BRICK. PURE ENGLISH STYLE.

TWE is Renaissance painting related to the context of production?

TWE was Renaissance painting significant for the period of production?

TGE

Humanism - emphasis on man and reason, anatomy, etc.

Tudor portraits (Henry VIII and Elizabeth I) reflected power, the monarch’s supremacy, and nationalism

The Ambassadors - secular and clerical (point out the different elements in the picture that symbolize science, religion, etc.)

//

TGE-

Humanism, that put emphasis on human being's destiny on their own hands and also the artist looked to exploit his potential. techniques (use of perspective - tridimensional, the focus on human proportion, the painting of personalities and the relation of symbols to depict the grandeur of those personalities)

Focus on secular subject matter

Armada Portrait (Elizabeth I) - The Ambassadors - Henry VIII

Medieval & Renaissance painting

Compare and contrast illuminated manuscripts and Renaissance painting considering:

• Period

• Type of artistic expression

• Materials

• Techniques/Characteristics

• Aims

• Subject matter

Twe was parliament to blame for the struggle with the crown? 

Trevelyan - crown was to blame

I agree with Trevelyan because if the crown was not that arrogant and stopped to think how they could benefit from having some kind of community of interest like the Tudors did, maybe they could have reached an agreement and stopped the civil war and Charle’s execution from happening

Ashley- Parliament was to blame because they kept on insisting on being part of the permanent machinery of government

TWE were the Tudor and Stuart absolutisms similar?

TSE

Concession: shared economic policy in home industry (mercantilism)

Argument1: Tudors’ community of interests vs Stuarts’ struggle btw parliament and crown

Argument 2: popularity. Tudors → nationalism, didn’t openly speak about absolutism and DHR as Stuarts did

TWE did Charles I's religious views and policies contribute to the outbreak of the civil war? / To what extent were religious issues the cause of the Civil War?

TGE

Imposition of BCP in Scotland - immediate cause of the Civil War

Armenian tendencies, Catholic tendencies - Archbishop William Laud and Catholic wife Henrietta Maria

TSE

Economic causes - Parliament wanted to have control over taxation and to rule together with the king

TWE were the experiments implemented during the Interregnum successful?

TSE

Concession: it was a period of no religious persecution aka peace and toleration and the country was prosperous

The commonwealth failed - Cromwell thought that there was a need for a single ruler

Protectorate failed - Cromwell ruled by decree, the Republic was not successful bc the constitutional government was not achieved (military dictatorship)

TWE was the declaration of Breda significant to the constitutional and religious history of Britain?

TGE

A1: First steps towards a constitutional monarchy: the king would rely on parliament - he was given half the money to reign and he was not given an army

A2: Step towards religious toleration: One of the statements was that no man should be disquieted on account of his religious belief

TSE: Concession:Clarendon Code by Parliament after the Declaration of Breda ended up damaging the aim of religious toleration, especially against the Puritan population

Twe was the treaty of Dover significant for the early rise of political parties?

TGE:

Concession: Declaration of Indulgence also contributed to the rise of early political parties (intensifying debates over royal power, religious toleration, and the balance between monarchy and Parliament.)

Argument1: The secret part of the treaty discovered by Ashley -(anticatholic) - created country party against Osborne, then court party was created by Osborne

Argument2: Triple Alliance (Pro-french tendency) and Popish plot

TWE were Hobbes’s and Locke's idea of the constitution of government similar?

TSE

Concession: both rejected the DHR, man came from nature and they both agreed on a social contract was needed to change the nature of man

Argument 1: Aims of the Social contract:

Hobbes: self preservation: avoid destruction by escaping the evils of the state of nature

Locke: protect natural rights like liberty and property

Argument 2: Parties

Hobbes: unilateral: sovereign was not considered a party, not bound to the agreements.

Locke: bilateral: the citizens and the government which is also a party and has to make compromises

TWE was England a democratic country at the end of the 17th century?

TSE

Concession: Glorious revolution achieved through the Bill of RIghts in 1688

Argument 1: house of Lords was composed of aristocracy (land owners) thus not representative

Argument 2: House of Commons - HMC - not representative of all people

To what extent was the Glorious Revolution similar to the French Revolution?

CA: Even though both revolutions sought to reduce royal power and establish new forms of government (desire for political reform)…

TS: … they were similar to a SE since the focus, as well as the nature and scale of both conflicts, were completely different

A1: nature and scale: FR: the revolution and also what followed, the Republic, were extremely violent

GR: was relatively bloodless and orderly

A2: FOCUS: FR: the primary focus was on issues such as economic inequality, political representation and the abuse of the power of aristocracy.

GR: religious aim. There was a fear of Catholic rule since it had wreaked havoc in previous centuries.

To what extent did the scientific discoveries of the 16th and 17th century impact man?

TGE (Humanism on the continent led to what can be regarded as the Rise of Science  in the 16th century)

Concession: these discoveries only affected the elite and intellectual circles, not the entire population

Copernicus - heliocentric theory - dethronement of man as the center of the universe

kepler - elliptic orbits - abandonment of the idea of perfection of the medieval outlook

Newton - laws of gravitation - animism was displaced (things do not have their own weight)

TWE were political developments that occured during the Hanoverian period significant for England’s history?

C: In 1714, after Queen Victoria’s death and following the Act of Settlement of 1701 (which provided that only the next protestant in line would rule the country), George I became the new king of England, initiating the Hanoverian period.

CA: Although the economic developments that took place during the Hanoverian period such as the Industrial Revolution were important,

the political developments that occured… were significant TGE because of the emergence of the first Prime Minister and the Cabinet and because of the Reform Bill (1832)

emergence of PM and Cabinet: sir Robert Walpole was considered the first Whig to hold this position. He managed the government’s agenda, was the main advisor and intermediary of the king and he ensured the passage of laws in Parliament. He developed the idea that ministers should work in a small group which was called the cabinet and it was made up of members of the house of commons. This marked a significant evolution in the british political system, where the effectove leader of the government was no longer the monarch but a minister who could command a majority.

Reform Bill: this Bill was the first in the Great Era of Reform and consisted in the enfranchising of industrialists to Parliament. This was significant because it meant that it was the first time that a social class that held no land was enfranchised. The Reform Bill also meant a redistribution of seats in Parliament because of the existence of pocket and rotten boroughs.

TWE can the Privy Council and William III’s Cabinet be considered antecedent of George I’s Cabinet?

The Privy Council served as an early advisory body to the monarch, and gradually evolved into a more formal group of ministers. William III’s cabinet marked a key transition, introducing the practice of a smaller politically aligned group of ministers making decisions collectively, separate from the broader Privy Council. This practice, reinforced by the Act of Settlement of 1701, laid the ground work for George I’s cabinet, where ministers assumed greater responsibility for governance marking a shift towards a modern ministerial government

TWE was the art produced during the 17th and 18th centuries similar?

C: Painting in the 17th century was in hands of artists such as Van Dyck, Kneller, Dobson and Barlow. These artists painted landscapes but mainly portraits of important figures, for example Van Dyck painted the portrait of Charles I. In the 18th century, artists such as Hogarth, Gainsborough and Stubbs can be mentioned.

CA: Although painting in the 17th century was mainly carried out by foreign artists and in the 18th centuries the painting was carried out mainly by English painters

The art produced in these centuries was similar TGE because both emphasized portraiture as the main painting technique and served as expressions of Baroque painting

Painting in the 18th century was a continuation of the baroque and this can be seen in the use of chiaroscuro, the picture that reflects a moment in time, the use of diagonals, the portrayal of real and not idealized people

To what extent was Lord Durham’s Report on Canada significant for the history of Canada and the English Empire?