unit 2

Agents of Socialization

People/institutions that teach norms (family, peers, school, media).

Aversive Racism

Subtle avoidance of minorities despite 'not being racist.'

Colorblind Racism

Claiming not to 'see race' while ignoring inequality.

• allows implicit racism

• ex: collecting data for college applications

Coming Out

Publicly affirming LGBTQ+ identity.

De Facto Segregation

Informal racial separation, not law-based.

Discrimination

Unequal treatment based on group membership.

Doing Gender

Performing gender roles in daily life.

Double Standard (Sexual)

Different rules for men vs. women.

Ethnicity

Shared culture/history identity, not biology.

Functionalism

Theory: gender/sexual roles keep society stable.

Gender Apartheid

Extreme exclusion of women.

Gender Socialization

Learning gender roles through socialization

• peers, religion, society, media, schools

Gender Stratification

Unequal power/resources by gender.

Gender Wage Gap

Women earn ~80¢ per $1 men earn.

Hypersegregation

Intense racial isolation in cities.

Implicit Bias

Unconscious stereotypes.

Income Gap

Differences in earnings between groups.

Institutional Racism

Discrimination built into systems.

Intersectionality

Inequality shaped by overlapping identities.

• ex: masculinity, middle class white women

• race/gender/class/sexuality overlap

Panethnicity

Grouping diverse identities under one label.

Patriarchy

Male-dominated society/institutions.

Pornification of Culture

Sexual appeal becomes key social value.

Prejudice

Negative beliefs toward a group.

Queer Theory

Rejects fixed categories; sexuality = fluid.

Racial Formation

Process of creating/changing race categories.

Racialization

Assigning racial meaning to group.

Redlining

Banks refusing loans in minority areas.

Sexual Harassment

Unwanted sexual advances tied to power.

Sexual Scripts

Cultural 'rules' for sexuality.

Sexual Socialization

Learning norms around sex.

Sexuality (Social Construction)

Ideas about sex shaped by society.

Stereotype

Oversimplified group belief.

Stereotype Threat

Fear of confirming stereotypes harms performance.

White Privilege

Unseen advantages of being White.

• not racism

• white people have their own struggles

• generational wealth/the norm

White Space

Settings where minorities feel unwelcome.

How does functionalism explain gender roles?

Functionalism views gender roles as necessary for the stability and functioning of society, where traditional roles help maintain social order.

What is the conflict theory's explanation for gender inequality?

Conflict theory argues that gender inequality arises from the struggle for power and resources, with men historically dominating women in various social structures.

How does symbolic interactionism explain gender identity?

Symbolic interactionism focuses on the social construction of gender identity through daily interactions and the meanings individuals attach to gender roles.

where do men talk more?

meetings or the workplace

How do men typically interpret friendliness in social interactions?

Men often misinterpret friendliness as flirting.

What is a common behavioral tendency of men in conversations?

Men are less hesitant and tend to interrupt more.

In terms of lifespan, how do men compare to women?

Men generally live shorter lives.

What financial advantage do men typically have compared to women?

Men tend to make more money.

How do men contribute to household responsibilities compared to women?

Men do less housework.

In media representation, how are men typically viewed compared to women?

Men are respected more in media.

What emotional experience do men reportedly face more than women?

Men experience more loneliness.

What is gender performance from a micro view?

It refers to the interactions and behaviors that reinforce one's identity as a woman, particularly in social contexts.

How does gender performance manifest in social interactions for women?

It can manifest through relationships with close friends, such as having best friends who are also girls, and in dating lives.

What is the main belief of liberal feminists regarding societal change?

Liberal feminists believe that eliminating discrimination will lead to a better society.

How do radical feminists view society's system?

Radical feminists believe that society's system is fundamentally flawed and unequal to many people.

What is the definition of race in the context of social constructs?

Race is a social construct that is not biological, making individuals stand out based on perceived physical characteristics.

How can race influence perceptions of health?

Certain diseases, such as anemia, are attributed to specific racial populations, highlighting the social implications of race.

What historical misconceptions exist regarding racism and slavery?

Racism did not lead to slavery; rather, historical justifications and reactions shaped these concepts.

What are octaroons and the one drop rule in relation to race?

Octaroons are individuals with one-eighth black ancestry, and the one drop rule states that any African ancestry qualifies a person as black, regardless of appearance.

What role does race play as a phenotypal marker?

Race serves as a phenotypal marker that facilitates racism and prejudice.

How are ethnicities defined in contrast to race?

Ethnicities are shared collectively through history, culture, and values, forming a common identity.

What is an example of power dynamics between minorities and majorities?

Minorities, such as students, often have less power compared to the majority, such as teachers.

What is the term for laws that enforced racial segregation in the United States?

De jure segregation

What program allowed Mexican laborers to work in the U.S. during World War II?

Bracero program

What is the term for the phenomenon where white residents leave urban areas for suburban ones, often leading to segregation?

White flight

What is the concept that describes the unequal distribution of resources like water and internet access?

Racist gerrymandering

What is the term for the systemic issues that lead to students being funneled from schools into the prison system?

School to prison pipeline

What act was passed in 1964 to prohibit discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?

Civil Rights Act of 1964

What is the theory that suggests a dual labor market exists, with one sector offering better jobs than the other?

Dual labor market theory

What is the term for the societal norms and expectations regarding sexual behavior and identity?

Sexual scripts

What is the term for the belief that biological differences justify gender inequality?

Biological determinism

What is the feminist theory that focuses on the intersectionality of race, class, and gender?

Multiracial feminism

What is the term for the legal and social barriers against interracial marriage?

Anti-miscegenation laws

What is the act passed in 1963 aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on gender?

Equal Pay Act of 1963

What is the term for the ongoing societal and institutional practices that perpetuate racial inequalities without overt racism?

Racism without racism

What is institutional racism?

A form of racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions.

What does symbolic violence refer to in the context of gender and sexuality?

The imposition of cultural norms that perpetuate inequality and discrimination.

What is eugenics?

A set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the genetic quality of a human population.

Define heterosexism.

The presumption that heterosexuality is the norm and superior to other sexual orientations.

What is the difference between sex tourism and sex trafficking?

Sex tourism involves traveling to engage in sexual activities, often in a commercial context, while sex trafficking is the illegal trade of humans for sexual exploitation.

What is sexual identity?

An individual's self-identification in terms of their sexual orientation and preferences.

What is the significance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

It outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

What does the term 'gender stratification' refer to?

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between genders.

What is the purpose of the Equal Rights Amendment?

To guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.

What is radical feminism?

A feminist perspective that seeks to eliminate patriarchy and address the root causes of women's oppression.

What is Title IX?

A federal law that prohibits gender discrimination in educational programs and activities receiving federal funding.

What does 'fluidity of identity' mean?

The concept that identities can change and are not fixed, particularly in terms of gender and sexuality.

What is the role of public gender performance?

The expression of gender through actions and behaviors in public spaces, which can reinforce or challenge societal norms.

What is the focus of multiracial feminism?

To address the intersection of race, gender, and class in feminist theory and activism.

What is affirmative action?

Policies that aim to improve opportunities for historically marginalized groups.

What does anti-semitism refer to?

Prejudice against or hostility toward Jews.

What is assimilation theory?

The process by which individuals or groups adopt the culture of another group, often losing their original identity.

What is cultural pluralism?

A perspective that recognizes and values the coexistence of diverse cultures within a society.

What is hypersegregation?

Extreme segregation where a minority group is isolated in a specific area, often in terms of housing and social services.

What is nativism?

A political policy favoring the interests of native-born inhabitants over those of immigrants.

What is the significance of the Immigration Act?

Legislation that regulates the immigration process and sets quotas for different countries.

What does intersectional theory study?

How various social identities (race, gender, class) intersect and impact individuals' experiences of oppression.

What is racial stratification?

The hierarchical organization of individuals based on race, often resulting in unequal access to resources and opportunities.

What is racism?

Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against individuals of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior.

What is racial formation?

Racial formation is the sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed.

What does residential segregation refer to?

Residential segregation is the physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods or areas.

What is the salience principle in the context of stereotypes?

The salience principle suggests that certain characteristics of a person or group become more prominent and influential in the perception of that group, often leading to stereotyping.

What is stereotype threat?

Stereotype threat is the risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can adversely affect performance.

What does stereotype interchangeability mean?

Stereotype interchangeability refers to the idea that stereotypes can be applied to different groups and can change over time, often reflecting societal views.

What is meant by the urban underclass?

The urban underclass refers to a group of people in urban areas who are economically disadvantaged and often face social isolation and marginalization.