A&P Ch.1

Anatomy

The study of structures and the relationships among them.

Gross anatomy

The study of body structures without the use of a microscope, focusing on the body level.

Histology

The study of body structures with the use of a microscope, focusing on the tissue level.

Physiology

The study of how body structures function.

Molecular physiology

The study of the functions of proteins and DNA.

Levels of Organization

The hierarchical organization of the body, including chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism levels.

First level of Organization

Chemical : atoms and molecules

Second level of Organization

Cells : smallest units of living matter

Third level of Organization

Tissues : groups of specialized cells

Fourth level of Organization

Organs : structures with two or more different tissues having specific functions.

Fifth level of Organization

Organ Systems : related organs having a common function.

Sixth level of Organization

 Organism : collection of integrated systems (a person)

Integumentary System

The system of the body that includes the skin and associated structures, protecting the body.

Skeletal System

The system of the body that includes bones, joints, and cartilage, supporting and protecting the body.

Muscular System

The system of the body that includes mainly skeletal muscle tissue, responsible for movement, posture, and heat generation.

Nervous System

The system of the body that includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special senses, detecting changes in the environment and regulating the body.

Cardiovascular System

The system of the body that includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels, circulating blood for gas and nutrient exchange.

Respiratory System

The system of the body that includes the lungs and passageways for air, facilitating oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Lymphatic/Immune System

The system of the body that includes the spleen, lymph nodes and vessels, and immune cells, controlling interstitial fluid volume and providing immunity.

Endocrine System

The system of the body that includes hormone-producing glands and cells, regulating body activities through hormones.

Digestive System

The system of the body that includes the gastrointestinal tract and organs, breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.

Urinary System

The system of the body that includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, filtering urinary waste and controlling water volume and acid/base balance.

Reproductive System

The system of the body that includes the male and female gonads and reproductive structures, responsible for fertilization and gestation of a new organism.

Palpation

The noninvasive technique of feeling body surfaces with the hands to assess certain aspects of body structure and function.

Auscultation

The noninvasive technique of listening to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs.

Percussion

The noninvasive technique of tapping on the body surface with the fingertips and listening to the resulting echo.

Characteristics of Living Things

Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction.

Metabolism

sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

Responsiveness

ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment

Movement

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells

Growth

an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number and/or size of cells

  Differentiation (development)

the change in a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

Reproduction

the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual

Homeostasis

The condition of equilibrium or balance in the body's internal environment.

To function and survive body cells require:

Precise chemical composition , perfect temperature , Narrow range of atmospheric pressure , Oxygen and Nutrients

Feedback system has three components:

Receptors, Control Center , and Effectors

Receptors

detects changes in the internal or external environment.

Control Center

receives and processes information from the receptor.

Effector

responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus.

Negative Feedback

A feedback system in which the response reverses the original stimulus.

Positive Feedback

A feedback system in which the response enhances the original stimulus.

Homeostatic Imbalances

Disorders and diseases that disrupt the structure or function of the body.

disorder

any abnormality of structure or function

Disease

illness (disruption generally caused by foreign “invader”) and characterized by recognizable set of signs and symptoms.

signs

what clinician can see (objective)

symptoms

 what patient can feel (subjective)

Diagnosis

The art of distinguishing or determining the nature of one disease or disorder from another through medical history and physical examination.

Anatomical Position

A standardized position that allows precise anatomical reference, including standing erect, facing the observer, arms at the sides with palms turned forward, and feet flat on the floor.

Regional Names

Specific locations on the body.

Directional Terms

Terms used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another.

Planes/Sections

Imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body into different halves.

Body Cavities

Spaces within the body that protect, separate, and support internal organs.

Cranial

Brain cavity

Vertebral

contains spinal cord

Thoracic Cavity

The five organs in your thoracic cavity are your heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea and thymus.

pleural

contains lungs

Pericardial Cavity

 encloses the heart and also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)

Medial Mediastinum

contains the pericardial cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Serous Membranes

Membranes that protect cavities and organs within them.

Visceral membrane

membrane closest to organ

Parietal membrane

outermost membrane

Radiography

Imaging technique that uses low-dose x-rays to visualize internal structures. The more dense the tissue, the whiter it appears

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Imaging technique that uses a powerful magnet to align protons in tissues and visualize images on a monitor, particularly useful for soft tissue.

Computed Tomography (CT) Scans

Imaging technique that takes X-rays in a series of sections to create a 3D image or video, providing detailed views of soft tissues and organs.

Ultrasound

Imaging technique that uses sound waves to bounce off internal structures, commonly used for pregnancy and visualizing organs and tumors.

Endoscopy

Imaging technique that uses a small camera to view internal cavities, commonly used for procedures like colonoscopy.

Facial

Face

Frontal

Forehead

Orbital

Eyes

otic

Ears

Nasal

Nose

Buccal

Cheeks

Oral

mouth

Mental

chin

Occipital

lower back of head

Cervical region

Entire neck; neck of something

Cephalic region

Entire head

Sternal

Sternum

Pectoral

Entire chest either side of sternum

Mammary

boobs

Umbilical

Belly button

Coxal

hips

pubic

pubic bone

Scapular

shoulder blades

Vertebal

spine

lumbar

not the lowest back but right above it

Axial region includes:

Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular region includes:

relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis.

Acromial

point of the shoulder

Axillary

Armpit

Brachical

Entire upper arm

antecubital

where blood gets drawn

Olecranal

Elbow (dorsal)

Antebrachical

lower forearm

carpal

wrist

manual

whole hand

palmar

palm