Unit 8 AP Psychology

abnormal psychology

the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, and thought, which could possibly be understood as a mental disorder

clinical psychology

applied field of psychology that seeks to assess, understand, and treat psychological conditions in clinical practice

Psychological Disorder

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thought, feelings, or behaviors

deviant, distress, dyfunction, danger

the 4 Ds to help determine “abnormal”

psychopthology

the scientific study of naturue of mental illness or disorders & its cause, processes, development, and consequences

Etiology

the cause(s) of a psychological disorder

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

caused by unusual brain development, brain damage, or any other abnormality in the brain.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of these key symptoms: Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

refers any one of a group of disorders with an onset typically occurring during the preschool years and characterized by difficulties with social communication and social interaction and restricted and repetitive patterns in behaviors, interests, and activities.

intellectual disability

(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.

neurocognitive disorders

a general term that describes decreased mental function due to a medical disease other than a psychiatric illness

delirium

a significant state change that occurs over a few hours or days and is characterized by rapid fluctuations in attention and cognition.

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive neurocognitive disease that slowly erodes an individual's memory, judgment, cognition, learning, and, eventually, ability to function

Medical /Biological Model

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

DSM 5

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Edition, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

insanity

A legal term representing the inability to know right from wrong or the inability to understand the consequences of one's actions

__M'Naghten rule__

a rule for defining insanity that focuses on the cognitive state of the defendant at the time of committing the act with which he or she is charged

Anxiety Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. Includes: Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. Free floating anxiety (chronic anxiety not associated with any specific situation or object.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

Phobia

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

An obsessive-compulsive disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A trauma-related dsiorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that linger four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

somatic symptom disorder

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (Formerly called somatoform disorder)

conversion disorder //

Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder

a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as a symptom of a disease

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative Identity Disorders (DID)

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Symptoms includes blackouts. Formerly called multiple personalities disorder.

Depressive disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes includes depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Major Depressive Disorder

A deoressuve disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Mania

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Bipolar Disorder

A bipolar and related disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depressing and the overexcited state of mania

Schizophrenia

characterized by a disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

chronic schizophrenia

(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

acute schizophrenia

(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event.

psychosis

any severe mental disorder in which contact with reality is lost or highly distorted

Delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Personality Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Social Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety disorder. Persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations.

Agoraphobia

Anxiety disorder, Fear of being in public

Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders

Disorders that include obsessive thoughts and/or unwanted behavior. Includes: obsessive-compulsive disorder, hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder.

Hoarding disorder

An obsessive-compulsive disorder, characterized by difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of the value

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

An obsessive-compulsive disorder, characterized by an obsession with perceived flaw(s) in physical appearance.

Dissociative Amnesia

A dissociative disorder characterized by a loss of memory for who you are, fugue state includes traveling far from home and the loss of memory

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

a depressive disorder characterisized by extreme temper outbursts at least 3 times a week, must be under 18.

Bipolar and related disorders

Disorders characterized by extreme mood changes, includes bipolar disorder

Mania

A symptom of bipolar characterized by elevated mood, overtalkative, overactive, little need for sleep, risky behavior

Positive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia which include addition of inappropriate behavior: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and inappropriate actions

delusions

bizzarre or far-fetched belief(s) that are unchanging even after proven incorrect

delusion of reference

believe hidden messages are being sent to them via media

delusion of grandeur

an exaggerated false belief about one's importance, wealth, power, or talents

delusion of persecution

person believes others are "out to get them”

hallucinations

vivid sensations that seem real even though they are not

inappropriate affect

the display of reactions that do not match the situation that you are in or possibly even your internal state

Negative symtoms

symptoms of schizophrenia which include loss of appropriate behavior: flat affect, catonic state, alogia, avolition

catatonia

a state of muscular rigidity or other disturbance of motor behavior, such as catalepsy, extreme overactivity, or adoption of bizarre postures

stupor

a state of significantly decreased reactivity to environmental stimuli and events and reduced spontaneous movement

rigidity

a state of muscular rigidity or other disturbance of motor behavior, such as catalepsy, extreme overactivity, or adoption of bizarre postures

flat affect

a negative symptom of schizophrenia, meaning that your emotional expressions don't show outwardly. You may speak in a dull, flat voice and your face may not change. You also may have trouble understanding emotions in other people

avoilition

an inability to complete necessary tasks due to lack of motivation

Borderline personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by fear of abandonment, unstable intense relationships, rapid changes in self-identity, impulsive and risky behavior, suicidal threats, and wide mood swings.

avoidant personality disorder

Characterized by low self-esteem, fear of rejection, and fear of judgement. As a result, any social activity is avoided out of fear

Dependent personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by difficulty making everyday decisions, needing others to assume responsibility, difficulty expressing disagreement, difficulty initiating projects, need for support from others.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

involves an extensive preoccupation with perfectionism, organization and control & have rigid beliefs and need to have control of themselves, others and situations

Paranoid personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by suspicions that others are deceiving him/her, preoccupied with doubts of others trustworthiness, reluctance in confiding in others, holding grudges

schizoid personality disorder

personality disorder in which they have no interest in relationships with other people, lack emotional responsiveness.

schizotypal personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by detachment from, and great discomfort in, social relationships; odd perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors.

Narcissistic personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by exaggerated sense of self-importance, expecting to be recognized as superior, exaggerating achievements, preoccupied with fantasies about success, requiring constant admiration, sense of entitlement, expecting special favors, and taking advantage of others.

Histrionic personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by being uncomfortable in situations which he/she is not the center of attention, inappropriate sexual seductiveness, the use of physical appearance to draw attention, self-dramatization

Passive-aggressive personality

A personality disorder characterized by avoiding responsibility by claiming forgetfulness, being inefficient on purpose, blaming others, complaining, feeling resentment, fear of authority

Anorexia Nervosa

a psychological disorder characterized by somatic delusions that you are too fat despite being emaciate & low in calories consumption

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of binge eating (i.e., discrete periods of uncontrolled consumption of abnormally large quantities of food) followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors (e.g., self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise).

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa.

Diathesis stress model

In order for an onset of a disorder an individual needs both the genetic and stressor

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

psychoanalysis

Sigmond Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences and the therapists interpretations of them released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material

transference

A term from psychodynamic therapy to describe when feelings directed at one person become redirected to another person, often the therapist.

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

psychodynamic model

model that believe that a person’s behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined by underlying psychological forces which they are not aware of => forces interact with each other, and abnormal symptoms are results of conflicts between the forces

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

client centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth. Also called person-centered therapy.

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client centered therapy

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Gestalt therapy

A humanistic therapy that maintains that psychological distress occurs when patients focus on what could be, rather than on the present moment

empty-chair technique

a technique originating in gestalt therapy in which the client conducts an emotional dialogue with some aspect of himself or herself or some significant person (e.g., a parent), who is imagined to be sitting in an empty chair during the session.

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actualitiy) to the things they fear or avoid

flooding

a technique in behavior therapy in which the individual is exposed directly to a maximum-intensity anxiety-producing situation or stimulus, either described or real, without any attempt made to lessen or avoid anxiety or fear during the exposure

systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias

virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

aversive conditioning / aversion therapy

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant states (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking)

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort or exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle psychological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions