May 1 and 3 bio 211

BIO 211 final

fertilized egg

fertilized egg

zygote

when a zygote divides and forms a ball of cells, it is called an

embryo

cells acquire specialized properties during

differentatiation

why do different cell types have different structures and functions?

they contain different molecules

all cells are genetically

genetically equivalent (they contain the same genes)

which of the following is true of the cloning experiment that resulted in Dolly the sheep?

A) Dolly was genetically identical to the egg-cell donor. \n B) Dolly was cloned by fusing an egg with an embryonic stem cell. \n C) Dolly was infertile, which indicated incomplete nuclear reprogramming. \n D) Dolly was cloned by using a differentiated cell fused to an egg from another individual. \n E) Dolly was cloned by fusing the nuclei from two separate eggs harvested from the same individual.

D

changes in the parents genes (long term smokers, older parents, etc) not caused solely by genes

epigenetic inheritance

what is the most important thing in epigenetic inheritance

chromatin condensation patterns

when an embryonic animal cell becomes dedicated to a cell specalization path (when it goes from a stem cell to a bone, liver, heart, brain cell)

commitment

what are the steps from embryonic animal cell to specalization

cell → committed → determined → differentiated

cells are moved in the embryo once they are

determined

what causes cells to differentiate?

master regulator is a gene product that determines what they become

what type of cells stay undifferentiated

stem cells

what do stem cells do

may replace skin, blood, and gut cells that die

repair wounds

create a supply of disease fighting cells

pluripotent embryonic stem cells can develop into _____ cell types

all

Pluripotent means

embryos are destroyed in order to obtain them

multipoint means that cells can develop into ____ cell types

few

where are multipotent cells located

bone marrow and intestines

what are stem cells in plants called?

meristems

name the 5 essential cellular processes that lead to organism development

1. cells divide (like as an embryo)

2. signal to one another what they are (like hair, eyes, bone, arm, leg)

3. begin to express certain genes than other (hair color, gender)

4. move, expand, contract in different directions (to go from circle to baby shaped)

   1. some cells die

cells respond to signals from _______ cells to control cell division

other

cells interact ______ during development through. _________ molecules

constantly

signaling

name the 2 mechanisms for determining cell fate

cytoplasmic determinants (regulatory molecules that are unequally distrubted to the cells produced from cell division)

induction (one daughter cell receives it, other one doesn’t)

during gastrulation, cells rearrange into _____ layers

three

what controls cell shape and location in plant cells?

cel wallswh

what are the three layers that form at gastrulation

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

what is formed from the ectoderm

ecto means outside so think skin, teeth, nails

what forms from the mesoderm

mess means middle so think blood, bones, facial muscles,

what does from the endoderm

endo means inside so think stomach, lungs

what type of cells are killed during development (apoptosis)

webs between does

framework for central nervous system

secreted molecule that induces cell fate decisions in recipient cells in a concentration dependent manner

signaling molecule that acts directly on cells to produce specific cellular responses depending on its local concentration.

morphogens

what do segmentation genes do

divide the embryo into segments (like a worm)

determine the number and size of each segment

3 types of segmentation genes

gap genes

pair rule genes

segment polarity

selector genes are also called

hox genes

hox genes determine

the segmentation (think thigh, calf, ankle, foot, toes) of each appendage

as you go up evolution from worm to mouse to monkey to human, the number of hox clusters

increases

mutations in the hox genes result in the ________ of one body segment into another

change

who was dolly

sheep that was clone

what happens if the bicoid protein is missing?

genes fuck up and fruit flies can be born without head or neck