APHUG all units

Urbanization

the process of developing towns and cities; highest in NICs and LDCs; NOT "urbanized" or "percent urban"; more a country is developing = more urbanization

percent urban

also called "urbanised"; an indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those who live in rural areas; higher in MDCs/HDCs

Factors affecting location of cities

site + situation; influence how cities function + grow (size, economic development, political+military history

Site

factor affecting location of cities; the physical characteristics of a place; includes water sources (rivers), climate, and natural features

Situation

factor affecting location of cities; location of a place relative to its surrounding; proximity to natural resources, proximity to other cities (trade routes, etc.), accessibility

population growth, improvement in transport + communication, migration, economic development, government policies

causes of city growth

urban area

a central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and includes the surrounding suburbs

metropolitan (metro) area

a collection of adjacent cities economically connected, across which a population density is high and continuous

Metro population

population of a city; city + suburbs + exurbs + boomburbs etc.

Borchert's transportation model

model describing the form of cities based on the transportation technology existing at their time of creation; eg. 1700-1800s cities on water because boats were main form of transports, 1900s cities spread out because of cars and aeroplanes

urban sprawl/suburban sprawl

the unrestricted growth of urban area

Suburbanization

the process of people moving to residential areas on the outskirts of cities; centre is the most crowded; major trend of '60s - '70s

edge cities

large concentrations of businesses, shopping, and entertainment on the outskirts of a city; like another "downtown"

Exurbs

communities beyond traditional suburbs; usually has infrastructure that connects it to downtown; occurs when suburbs fill up

Boomburbs

suburb or exurb that is growing so rapidly that it begins to approach the population of the core city itself (25-30%)

Megacities

metro area with a population over 10 million; includes Tokyo, Jakarta, Delhi, Manila, Seoul; most common in NICs in Asia

Metacities

metro area with population over 20 million; same trend as megacities (most common in NICs in Asia)

Megalopolis

descries a chain of connected cities

world city (global city)

city that exerts influence and significance far beyond its boundaries; drivers of globalisation; eg. London, New York, Shanghai

primate city

a city in a country that is at least twice the population of the country's next largest city; eg. Mexico City, Mexico, Jakarta, Indonesia; likely in NICs, physically small countries, or constrained by geography

rank-size rule

the concept that the nth largest city is 1/n the size of the country's largest city (population wise); as a country develops, more people are attracted the cities; usually more common in HDCs with federal level of government; eg. 3rd largest city's population = ⅓ size of largest city

gravity model

based of principle of distance decay; 2 factors: population size, absolute distance; cities with higher population + lower absolute distance interact more

Christaller's central place theory

theory behind layout of cities/ urban landscapes

central place

the city/town/village where people go to receive goods + services; can specialize in specific good service

market area

Area around the central place where people travel from the market area to get the goods and services from the central place; goods + services can be delivered or transferred to people from central place to market area

Threshold

concept defining central place theory; the size of population necessary for any particular service to exist + remain profitable; goods + services only exist in area that can support them; higher threshold = closer to city centre

Range

concept defining central place theory; the distance people will go to obtain + services; willing to travel long distance = fewer goods/ services exist

functional zonation

the idea that portions of an urban area, regions or zones within the city, have specific and distinct purposes

central business district (CBD)

the commercial heart of a city, usually at the physical centre of the city; place of business/ commerce; models can have one or multiple

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

model describing the structure of older cities in the US; same shape as von Thunen's model (5 rings); further from CBD = better housing; eg. Chicago

Burgess Concentric Zone Model ring 1

1 main CBD in centre

Burgess Concentric Zone Model ring 2

where factories used to be; poorest people live; worst quality of housing

Burgess Concentric Zone Model ring 3

working class housing

Burgess Concentric Zone Model ring 4

middle class housing

Burgess Concentric Zone Model ring 5

suburbs

Hoyt Sector Model

similar to Burgess Concentric Zone Model but with sectors NOT rings; one side of city = low income housing, industry, transport; other side = middle + high class housing; 1 CBD; any older US cities that don't follow Burgess concentric zone model; eg. Detroit;

Harris and Ullman Multiple-Nuclei Model

only occurs while city is developing; multiple nuclei (each has specific activity) = jobs everywhere; cars invented = can move throughout cities; common in some modern north american cities; 1 CBD, multiple centres

Galactic City Model

can be developed from Multiple-Nuclei Model; edge cities created from nuclei with features of CBDs BUT still 1 CBD; common in more modern NA. cities; eg. Houston, LA

Latin American City Model (Griffin-Ford Model)

CBD has 2 parts (traditional market centre + modern high-rise centre w/ commercial "spine" attached); quality of housing decreases further away from CBD (outer ring often has disamenity zones)

disamenity zones

when a neighbourhood is not connected to city services/ amenities, including infrastructure + police; often controlled/ run by "drug lords"/ gangs who provide services to residents

African City Model

common in sub-saharan africa; 3 parts to CBD = market zone (informal economic activities), traditional CBD (formal economy w/ small, clustered shops + narrow streets), colonial CBD (large homes + broad streets); residential zones based on ethnicity

Parts of African City Model

CBD (3 parts), mining + manufacturing zones, informal settlements (periphery), disamenity zones + squatter settlements

squatter settlements

homes and buildings built where people have no legal right to the land; owned by government / agricultural landowners = conflicts; cut deals w/ politicians to bribe/ promise votes

land tenure

the legal right to own land

Southeast Asian City Model (McGee Model)

does not have a single CBD = usually centred around a port; CBDs are basedon income/ ethnicity; low income people live between CBDs

zoning ordinances

rules + regulations determining how property in cities can be used; residential (housing), commercial (buying/selling goods + services), industrial (manufacturing)

Filtering

process in which houses pass from one social group to another

Infilling

process of "filling in" empty spaces in cities; strategy to increase density, popular in US cities; decreases green areas

public transportation

buses, subways, light rail, trains, etc., that are operated by a government agency

Brownfields

areas in which factories or manufacturing buildings used to be; crumbling buildings + polluted soil

zones of abandonment

an area where crime + economic factors (unemployment, etc.) get so bad no one wants to live in the neigbourhood; people struggle to sell houses

Segregation

the separation of people on the basis of ethnicity, race, gender, or sexual orientation (things they can't change); can be legal or "defacto" (due to the economic gap of ethnicities/race)

Redlining

the systematic denial of home mortgage and insurance applications to certain candidates; method of segregation; keeps certanin people out of certain neighbourhoods; common in multinational states

Blockbusting

the practice of real estate agents manipulating property owners (usually white) to sell their homes at low prices because of racial minorities (usually african american) moving to the neigbourhood; common in North of US during great migration

Great Migration

when African americans moved from south to north of the US to escape the Jim Crow laws

Ghetto

areas of poverty occupied by a specific minority group as a result of discrimination

Gentrification

the process of changing the character of a neighbourhood throught the influx of more affluent residents and businesses; in US + Europe: wealthier people moving back to CBD

urban canyons

streets line with tall buildings, that can channel and intensify wind and precent natural sunlight from reaching the ground

urban heat island

an area of a city that is warmer that surrounding areas because of the concentration of buildings + concrete

environmental justice

fair treatment of all people with respect to development and enforcement of envrionmental laws

ecological footprint

impact of a person/ community on the environment

New Urbanism

the trend in recent decades; rethinks of the design + layout of cities; smart growth + slow growth;

Features of New Urbanism

mixed land use, inclusionary zoning, gentrification + urban renewal, greenbelts, brownfield remediation + redevelopment, urban growth boundary (UGB), farmland protection

smart growth

idea that growth should remain compact

slow growth

contreversial idea that urban sprawl should be limited and green areas should be protected

mixed land use

Feature of New Urbanism; using land for a variety of purposes including housing/ accommodation, businesses, recreation; eg. shophouses

inclusionary zoning

Feature of New Urbanism; zoning ordinance that requires share of new construction to be affordable by low income people

Greenbelts

undeveloped natural land surrounding or near urban areas

urban growth boundaries (UGBs)

Feature of New Urbanism; a boundary beyond which land must be preserved in its natural state or to be used for agriculture

transit-oriented development (TOD)

locates mixed use residential and business communities near mass transit stops, resulting in a series of more compact communities with a decreased need for automobiles

benefits of mixed land use

Less need for infrastructure between places, Stronger sense of community, Lower ecological footprint

benefits of inclusionary zoning

Decreases segregation

benefits of gentrification + urban renewal

Increase property values, improvement in schools, lower ecological footprint

benefits of greenbelts

Enhanced air quality and reduction of climate change, limits flooding, Areas for recreation

benefits of brownfield remediation + redevelopment

enhanced water quality, Land for housing, commercial opportunities, infrastructure, or green space

benefits of urban growth boundaries (UGBs)

Simplest way to reduce sprawl , Limits chances of disamenity zones to form

benefits of farmland protection

Limits urban sprawl , Protects rural jobs/employment, Recreational opportunities , Keeps culture/tradition

drawbacks of mixed land use

Increase in housing costs, could lead to segregation if housing prices rise too much

drawbacks of inclusionary zoning

Builders might not build, Can be administratively complex

Loss of historical character and cultural identity, Pushes out low income people

drawbacks of gentrification + urban renewal

drawbacks of greenbelts

Increased housing costs

drawbacks of brownfield remediation + redevelopment

Can be extremely costly

drawbacks of urban growth boundaries (UGBs)

Biggest factor : increased housing prices (limits potential supply and forces construction on costly land)

drawbacks of farmland protection

Wasteful if farmland is not profitable , Increase housing costs in urban areas

Number of member states of WTO

160

Number of member states of EU

27

Number of member states of Mercosur

4

Number of member states of NAFTA

3

eg member states of WTO

New Zealand, France, Canada, Australia, US, UK

eg member states of EU

France, Italy, Germany, Denmark

member states of Mercosur

Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay

member states of NAFTA

United States, Canada, Mexico

Key Policies and Issues of WTO

Regulates trade between countries, Solves trade disputes between countries, Encourages free trade

Key Policies and Issues of EU

Free trade between countries, Common currency: most EU members use the Euro, Aid economies of struggling countries

Key Policies and Issues of Mercosur

Free trade between member countries, Ability to work in any other member country

Key Policies and Issues of NAFTA

Free trade between member countries, Concern over manufacturing/secondary sector jobs leaving US for Mexico

WTO stands for

World Trade Organisation

EU stands for

European Union

NAFTA stands for

North American Free Trade Agreement

Industrial Revolution

set of changes in technology that dramatically increased manufacturing productivity