Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 -know

Anatomy

science that deals with the form and structures of all organisms

Physiology

study of integrated functions of the body and the function of all its parts

Pathology

study of the disease of the body

Gross anatomy

Study of structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye.

Comparative anatomy

study of structures of various species of animals

Histology

study of cells and tissues only seen with a microscope

Cytology

study of cells

Myocardium

muscle within our heart

Neuron

nerve cell

Carcinogen

is an agent that causes cancer

Carcinogenic

is an agent that produces something (cancer)

Neuropathy

study of nerve diseases

Appendectomy

the removal

Caudal

towards the tail

Rostral

towards the nose

Dorsal (Posterior)

toward the backbone or vertebral column

Anterior (ventral)

toward the front or underside (the belly)

Medial

close to the median plane

Lateral

away from the median plane

Median Plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

Sagittal Plane

parallel to median plane

Transverse Plane

divides the body into cranial (head) and caudal (tail)

Horizontal Plane (the confusing one)

at right angles to both the median and transverse planes

Cyto

Cells

histo

tissue

myo

muscle

neur

nerve

-gen

causes something

-genic

produces something

-ologist

who studies/practices

-pathy

disease

-ectomy

removal of specific body part

-osis

abnormal condition

tissue

made up of a group of cells that functions together as a unit

Epithelial tissue

barrier between underlying tissue and environment

Connective tissue

binds

Muscle tissue

movement/support largest cells

Nervous tissue

connects sensory structures to motor structures

organs

collection of tissues that form a unit

system

a group of organs organized for a common purpose

cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Structural support; regulates the exchanges of materials into and out of the cell.

cytoplasm

cytosol and all organelles except the nucleus; organelles carry out specific metabolic functions

Ribosomes

distributed throughout cytoplasm; attached to ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; site of protein synthesis

Centrioles

structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division

lysosome

vessels filled with digestive enzymes; maintenance and repair for organelles

Nucleolus

site of ribosome formation

nucleus

Control center of the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

membrane network with ribosomes attached for protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

NO RIBOSOMES; fat transport and sex hormone synthesis

mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Golgi apparatus

storage of the cell; carbohydrate synthesis site; synthesis and packaging of secretions

Water

most abundant substance in cells; transport or materials; protects body structures

CO2

waste product of cellular respiration; must be removed quickly

O2

Required by ALL organisms that breathe air; Necessary to convert food into ATP

Mineral Salts

sodium chloride

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy. energy storage and cell structure

Lipids

insoluble in water; Function: energy

Proteins

AMINO ACIDS are building blocks of proteins: Functions; energy and structure; Contain carbon

Nucleic Acids

structure-wise: DNA and RNA; made up of chains of nucleotides

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Fuel for cell function and maintenance

dense connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

Actin

thin filaments

myosin

thick filament

Passive diffusion

Does not require energy

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Osmosis

movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration

Isotonic solution

salt concentration is the same outside the cell as inside

Active transport

used by the cells to obtain sugars

Hypertrophy

INcrease in cell size

Atrophy

DEcrease in cell size

Aplasia

failure of tissue to develop

Hypoplasia

incomplete or defective development

Phagocytosis

engulfing a material by surrounding it: cells with this ability are called phagocytes