Semantics
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26 Terms
Reference Definition
How words relates to things, concepts, and other words
Types of Reference
Referent, extension, co-reference, anaphora, deixis
Referent
Word = The Thing
Extension
Word = Group of Things
Co-reference
Word = The Thing
Determined by context
Anaphora
Word = Word
Deixis
An expression that crucially depends on the speaker’s point of reference
Semantic Roles (interface between syntax and semantics)
Words not only contain meaning but they describe specific roles in the situations described by a sentence
Prototype
A typical member of the extension
The least marked member of the extension
Stereotype
Defining features that describe the prototype
Truth conditions
Analytic, contradictory, synthetic, entailment, presupposition
Entailment
Necessarily true
Presupposition
Assumed to be true
Semantics Definition
The study of the meaning of words and sentences
3 parts of Semantics
Sense, reference, truth conditions
Truth/Falsehood based on words in the sentence
Analytic/Contradictory
Truth/Falsehood requires a check with the outside world
Synthetic
Truth relations that hold between sentences
Entailment/Presupposition
5 facts about sense
Some words have multiple meanings
Two words can mean the same thing
Words cluster into groups that overlap in meaning
Words arrange themselves hierarchically
We have a sense of what represents a typical and not-so-typical example of some words
Synonymy
They have the same sense
The same values for all semantic features are shared
Unlikely that there are absolute synonyms
Overlap
Words have some, but not all, features in common
The intersection of semantic features
Hyponymy
Words that reflect hierarchical relationships with each other
Word that contains the meaning of another word plus some more
Superordinates are made up of many hyponyms
Antonymy
Their meanings differ only in the value for a single semantic features
Gradable, relational, binary/complementary
Gradable
Word pairs that describe opposite ends of a continuum
Ex hot/cold, happy/sad
Relational
Word pairs that express a symmetrical relationship
Ex parent/child, doctor/patient
Binary/Complementary
Word pairs that exhaust all possibilities across a dimension
Ex dead/alive
Note 
Flashcards (131)