western civ final exam

only faith was necessary for salvation

what was Martin Luther’s main disagreement with the church?

Philip II

what king of Spain ordered the Spanish armada to invade England?

Gutenburg

Who developed a movable type of printing?

Leonardo da Vinci

what famous renaissance artist painted the last supper?

Thomas More

who wrote Eutopia and was beheaded by Henry the 8th?

Hernan Cortez

who was the conquistador who conquered the Aztecs of Central America?

Unification of Germany

what was not a result of the Peace of Westphalia?

renaissance

what was the rebirth of greco roman culture called?

Henry the 8th

what king broke the catholic church over the issue of divorce?

John Calvin

what protestant reformer was associated with predestination?

Charles the 7th

the estates general gave the right to which French king the right to levy taxes annually?

Edict of Nantes

the result of the french wars of religion was that Henry the 4th of Navarre took the throne and issued what that allowed Huguenots the right to worship

sinfulness

spiritually and psychological Martin Luther was tortured by a sense of his own what?

Portugal

what European nation started exploration first by sea?

10 million

how many africans were brought to the Americas between the 16-19th centuries in slavery?

Thirty Years War

what war was it that was between the Bourbon dynasty of France and the Habsburg dynasty of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire?

Neolithic Age

10000 BC; began as a social and economic revolution which was farming and agriculture

The Nile River and the Tigris-Euphrates River

where have the earliest examples of civilized societies been found?

a simplified alphabet

what did the Phoenicians create?

Sparta and Athens

what two city states would become the 2 most important greek city states?

Thucydides

wrote about the Peloponnesian war

Sumerian, Babylonian, and Egyptian

what 3 great societies emerged in the ancient near east?

belief in God-Yahweh, a strict moral code centered around 10 commandments, and idea that a covenant existed between Hebrew people and God

what were the 3 major components of the Hebrew religion?

"revered one”

what does Augustus mean?

Rome and Carthage

What 2 cities did the Punic Wars involve?

phoenician

what is “Punic” the latin word for?

Edict of Milan

as a result of a vision before the Battle of Milvian bridge in 313 AD, Constantine issued the

The Middle Ages

a period in the history of western civilization which began with the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West in 476 AD and ended with the Renaissance of the 15th century

Charlemagne

who was the first Holy Roman Emperor that was crowned by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day 800 AD?

Islam

what religion is Mohammed credited for?

Mecca

where was Mohammed from?

feudalism

a political system where the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local lords and nobles

Manor system

an economic system based on landed estates; it was a chief characteristic of the feudal economy

to return control of the Holy Land to Christians

what was the major purpose of the Crusades?

Pope Urban II

who called the first crusade in 1096?

crusades

a series of Holy Wars that lasted throughout the 12th and 13th centuries

Machiavelli

was known for his classical writings on political behavior and maintained that the prince must combine ruthlessness and intelligence for the good of the state; wrote The Prince

Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo painted this; a 10,000 sq foot mural depicting biblical scenes from creation to the flood

War of the Roses

1454-1585, a 30 year civil war

Henry Tudor

a Lancastrian general who would come to the throne of England in 1485 largely because he won the War of the Roses

Renaissance papacy

the period from 1447-1527; popes were concerned with non-religious matters

renaissance popes

who were concerned largely with non-religious matters and tried to substitute splendor for reform?

Protestant Reformation

began when German priest Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses to the walls of the church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517

John Wycliffe

an English theologian who has often been called the “morning star of the Reformation”

Spanish Armada

a fleet of 132 ships armed with 3,165 cannons

Ferdinand Magellan

the first person to sail around the world proving once and for all that the world is a globe

English Civil War

was between the forces of the king (cavaliers) against the forces of the Parliament (roundheads); ended with the execution of Charles I

mercantalism

what is the notion that nations must strive to create a favorable balance of trade, meaning that exports must always exceed imports?

Republicanism

the principle developed during the Italian Renaissance that government officials should be elected by people or a portion of the people

Cosimo de’ Medici

a rich Florentine banker who effectively took control of the Florentine Republic in 1434 and ushered in a period known as the Medicean Age

Lorenzo the Magnificent

grandson of Cosimo who actively intervened in state affairs

Petrarch

also known as Francesco Petrarca, was responsible for the recovery of numerous works of classical Latin Roman writers

The Prince

Machiavelli wrote it; the prince acts on behalf of the state and for the sake of the state must be willing to let his conscience sleep

Donatello

most famous work was a statue of David

Raphael

The School of Athens; painter and architect, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings and drawings

Isabella of Castille

the unification of Spain occurred due to the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and who?

taille

an annual direct tax that gave the French monarchy a great deal of power

Prince Henry the Navigator

who established a school for navigators in 1419?

Christopher Colombus

who reached the Bahamas instead of India? (1492)

Francisco Pizarro

he set out from Panama with 180 men and 30 horses and also captured and held hostage the Inca Emperor Atahualpa; he overthrew the Incan Empire

encomienda

a royal grant awarded to a Spaniard for military or other services that gave the grantee and his successors the right to gather tribute from the Indians in a defined area; it exploited natives with forced labor

Bartolomi de las Casas

a dominican friar who advocated for Native Americans and their treatment which brought reforms

concern with “what is the best way to obtain salvation”

desire for meaningful religious expression

papacy’s spiritual authority weakened

corruption

causes of the reformation

Desiderius Erasmus

a Dutch humanist whose writings influenced the church reform movement

Justification by faith

Luther’s teaching that righteousness before God comes from God alone, not from a combination of God’s grace and good works

Charles V

ruled the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and Spanish America and wanted to preserve the unity of the Catholic Church; he was an enemy of Francis I of France

Peace of Augsburg

the division of christianity was acknowledged and Lutherans had the same legal rights as Catholics; gave the right of each German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects

predestination

belief that since God, the all-knowing and all powerful being, knew everything in advance and caused everything to happen that the salvation of any individual was predetermined

the Anglican Church

what did Queen Elizabeth I establish?

Pope Paul III

most important reforming pope of the Catholic Church; he called the Council of Trent

Council of Trent

was called as a response to the Reformation; reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings

witch-hunts

the dramatic increase in the judicial prosecution of alleged witches in either Church or secular courts from the mid-16th century to the mid-17th century

demonic magic

calling upon evil spirits to gain access to power

natural magic

involved the manipulation of occult forces believed to exist in nature

Henry the 4th

converted to Catholicism and issued the Edict of Nantes