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only faith was necessary for salvation
what was Martin Luther’s main disagreement with the church?
Philip II
what king of Spain ordered the Spanish armada to invade England?
Gutenburg
Who developed a movable type of printing?
Leonardo da Vinci
what famous renaissance artist painted the last supper?
Thomas More
who wrote Eutopia and was beheaded by Henry the 8th?
Hernan Cortez
who was the conquistador who conquered the Aztecs of Central America?
Unification of Germany
what was not a result of the Peace of Westphalia?
renaissance
what was the rebirth of greco roman culture called?
Henry the 8th
what king broke the catholic church over the issue of divorce?
John Calvin
what protestant reformer was associated with predestination?
Charles the 7th
the estates general gave the right to which French king the right to levy taxes annually?
Edict of Nantes
the result of the french wars of religion was that Henry the 4th of Navarre took the throne and issued what that allowed Huguenots the right to worship
sinfulness
spiritually and psychological Martin Luther was tortured by a sense of his own what?
Portugal
what European nation started exploration first by sea?
10 million
how many africans were brought to the Americas between the 16-19th centuries in slavery?
Thirty Years War
what war was it that was between the Bourbon dynasty of France and the Habsburg dynasty of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire?
Neolithic Age
10000 BC; began as a social and economic revolution which was farming and agriculture
The Nile River and the Tigris-Euphrates River
where have the earliest examples of civilized societies been found?
a simplified alphabet
what did the Phoenicians create?
Sparta and Athens
what two city states would become the 2 most important greek city states?
Thucydides
wrote about the Peloponnesian war
Sumerian, Babylonian, and Egyptian
what 3 great societies emerged in the ancient near east?
belief in God-Yahweh, a strict moral code centered around 10 commandments, and idea that a covenant existed between Hebrew people and God
what were the 3 major components of the Hebrew religion?
"revered one”
what does Augustus mean?
Rome and Carthage
What 2 cities did the Punic Wars involve?
phoenician
what is “Punic” the latin word for?
Edict of Milan
as a result of a vision before the Battle of Milvian bridge in 313 AD, Constantine issued the
The Middle Ages
a period in the history of western civilization which began with the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West in 476 AD and ended with the Renaissance of the 15th century
Charlemagne
who was the first Holy Roman Emperor that was crowned by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day 800 AD?
Islam
what religion is Mohammed credited for?
Mecca
where was Mohammed from?
feudalism
a political system where the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local lords and nobles
Manor system
an economic system based on landed estates; it was a chief characteristic of the feudal economy
to return control of the Holy Land to Christians
what was the major purpose of the Crusades?
Pope Urban II
who called the first crusade in 1096?
crusades
a series of Holy Wars that lasted throughout the 12th and 13th centuries
Machiavelli
was known for his classical writings on political behavior and maintained that the prince must combine ruthlessness and intelligence for the good of the state; wrote The Prince
Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo painted this; a 10,000 sq foot mural depicting biblical scenes from creation to the flood
War of the Roses
1454-1585, a 30 year civil war
Henry Tudor
a Lancastrian general who would come to the throne of England in 1485 largely because he won the War of the Roses
Renaissance papacy
the period from 1447-1527; popes were concerned with non-religious matters
renaissance popes
who were concerned largely with non-religious matters and tried to substitute splendor for reform?
Protestant Reformation
began when German priest Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses to the walls of the church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517
John Wycliffe
an English theologian who has often been called the “morning star of the Reformation”
Spanish Armada
a fleet of 132 ships armed with 3,165 cannons
Ferdinand Magellan
the first person to sail around the world proving once and for all that the world is a globe
English Civil War
was between the forces of the king (cavaliers) against the forces of the Parliament (roundheads); ended with the execution of Charles I
mercantalism
what is the notion that nations must strive to create a favorable balance of trade, meaning that exports must always exceed imports?
Republicanism
the principle developed during the Italian Renaissance that government officials should be elected by people or a portion of the people
Cosimo de’ Medici
a rich Florentine banker who effectively took control of the Florentine Republic in 1434 and ushered in a period known as the Medicean Age
Lorenzo the Magnificent
grandson of Cosimo who actively intervened in state affairs
Petrarch
also known as Francesco Petrarca, was responsible for the recovery of numerous works of classical Latin Roman writers
The Prince
Machiavelli wrote it; the prince acts on behalf of the state and for the sake of the state must be willing to let his conscience sleep
Donatello
most famous work was a statue of David
Raphael
The School of Athens; painter and architect, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings and drawings
Isabella of Castille
the unification of Spain occurred due to the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and who?
taille
an annual direct tax that gave the French monarchy a great deal of power
Prince Henry the Navigator
who established a school for navigators in 1419?
Christopher Colombus
who reached the Bahamas instead of India? (1492)
Francisco Pizarro
he set out from Panama with 180 men and 30 horses and also captured and held hostage the Inca Emperor Atahualpa; he overthrew the Incan Empire
encomienda
a royal grant awarded to a Spaniard for military or other services that gave the grantee and his successors the right to gather tribute from the Indians in a defined area; it exploited natives with forced labor
Bartolomi de las Casas
a dominican friar who advocated for Native Americans and their treatment which brought reforms
concern with “what is the best way to obtain salvation”
desire for meaningful religious expression
papacy’s spiritual authority weakened
corruption
causes of the reformation
Desiderius Erasmus
a Dutch humanist whose writings influenced the church reform movement
Justification by faith
Luther’s teaching that righteousness before God comes from God alone, not from a combination of God’s grace and good works
Charles V
ruled the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and Spanish America and wanted to preserve the unity of the Catholic Church; he was an enemy of Francis I of France
Peace of Augsburg
the division of christianity was acknowledged and Lutherans had the same legal rights as Catholics; gave the right of each German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects
predestination
belief that since God, the all-knowing and all powerful being, knew everything in advance and caused everything to happen that the salvation of any individual was predetermined
the Anglican Church
what did Queen Elizabeth I establish?
Pope Paul III
most important reforming pope of the Catholic Church; he called the Council of Trent
Council of Trent
was called as a response to the Reformation; reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings
witch-hunts
the dramatic increase in the judicial prosecution of alleged witches in either Church or secular courts from the mid-16th century to the mid-17th century
demonic magic
calling upon evil spirits to gain access to power
natural magic
involved the manipulation of occult forces believed to exist in nature
Henry the 4th
converted to Catholicism and issued the Edict of Nantes