Demography (Target Questions) Idk tak pasti

What is urbanization?

What is urbanization?

Urbanisation is defined as population shift from rural to urban areas and the ways in which society adapt to that change

What causes urbanization / What are the factors of urbanization?

• Push Factors : Lack of resources in rural areas

• Pull Factors : i) Social factors (better standard of living and social status) ii) Employment opportunities (in rural areas, people depend mainly on farming for their livelihood) iii) Modernization (Better infrastructure & advanced technology)

What are the positive impacts of urbanization?

• It stimulates innovation and growth in one place and also stimulate and the development in business, science, technology and industry

• access to education, health, social services and cultural activities is readily available to people in cities than in villages

• cities also have advances communication and transport networks

What are the negative impacts of urbanization? / challenges impact on health status

• when urbanization occurs so rapidly, local governments are unable to provide necessary public services to those who moves to the cities

• environmental health : substandard housing overcrowding lead to spread of infectious disease such as Tuberculosis and influenze

• air pollution : caused by industries or by excessive movement of vehicles

• inadequate sewage and garbage disposal : lead to vector borne diseases for example dengue, scabies

• contaminated water : lack of proper water supply lead to water borne disease such as diarrhoea

• mental health : stress associated with poverty and unemployment

What are five stages in Demographic Transition Model (DTM) ?

• Stage 1 : high birth & death rates in low population growth overall

• Stage 2 : high birth rate & decreasing death rate, population growth surges

• Stage 3 : Birth rate falls & death rate remains low, population continue to increase

• Stage 4 : traditionally considered as final stage, demographic stabilisation as both birth rate and death rate are low, overall population stays low

• Stage 5 : may predict higher or lower fertility levels depending on the theorist