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The Enlightenment

created by the enlightenment thinkers and was when natural laws were applied to social, political, and economic relationships, and that people could figure out these natural laws if they employed reason

John Locke

One of the earliest enlightenment thinkers and most influential Enlightenment writers

Baron Montesquieu

One of the earliest enlightenment thinkers and most influential Enlightenment writers

Jean-Jaques Roussea

believed in the Social contract theory where the government should be formed by the consent of the people who would then make their own laws.

French and Indian War

A rivalry between France and England that turned into a war for control over North America

Sons of Liberty

A group of colonists who were strongly against British rule and did anything they could to fight British laws. One example is they fought the stamp act by intimidating stamp distributors.

Boston Tea Party

George Hewes and some other men dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor.

Coercive Acts

4 laws that parliament passed that were intended to punish Massachusetts and end colonial challenges to British authority

1st Continental Congress

In May 1774 the Virginia House of Burgesses declared British troops in Boston a military invasion and declared a day of prayer and fasting

2nd Continental Congress

Congress voted for an army militia to surround Boston and named it the continental army as well as selecting George Washington to command the new army

Olive Branch Petition

Written by John Dickinson and stated that the colonies would still stay loyal to the King and asked the King to call off hostilities and resolve the situation peacefully, King George III didn’t even read it which angered the colonists.

Committee of Corespondence

What Thomas Jeffereson suggested for the colonies to use to communicate with each other about British activities.

Thomas Jefferson

One Of the founding fathers of the U.S. and the 3rd president of the U.S. and most famous for being one of the authors of the Declaration of Independence.

Thomas Paine

An author who had a strong effect on public opinion when he published a pamphlet called Common Sense.

Loyalists

American who supported the British side

Minutemen

A special unit of trained men in Concord who were ready to stand at a minute's warning in case of an alarm.

Lexington and Concord

Around 700 British soldiers attempted to seize the militia’s supply depot at Concord, as they passed through Lexington on a road to Concord many citizens saw them and warned Concord that the British were coming. When the British arrived around 70 minutemen were lined up ready to defend Concord. Both sides started shooting and when Britain made it to Concord they saw that the supplies were moved.

Bunker Hill

The British forces built a fort near the top of Bunker Hill and the Americans fought them about it, Britain suffered roughly 1,000 casualties.

American Advantages against the British

Home-field, grand cause, effective leadership, time on their side, and French Alliance

British Advantages agianst the Americans

Superior navy, soldiers were well supplied, well payed, better trained, Native American allies, and Hessian Allies.

Saratoga

A battle including America and Britain where the British were forced to surrender after being surrounded by troops and nearly 5000 troops were taken prisoner.

Trenton, NJ

On December 25, 1776 George Washington takes 2,400 troops to surprise attack 900 Hessians and ends up taking them prisoner.

Yorktown

American and French troops surrounded Yorktown which was occupied by the British, they eventually captured many key British Defenses. Negotiations to surrender started and around 8,000 British soldiers marched out of there and dropped their weapons.

Admiral Rochambeau

A French admiral who controlled the Chesapeake Bay and in the Battle of Yorktown forced many British troops to surrender.

Valley Forge

A winter military camp that was used to improve discipline and boost morale among the soldiers. Conditions were so bad nearly 2,500 soldiers died.

Treaty of Paris

The final settlement that was signed on September 3, 1783 and in this treaty Britain recognized the U.S. as its own independent country

Preamble

This explains why the continental Congress made the Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Natural Rights

States that people have certain basic rights and that the government should protect those rights

List of Grievances

This part lists the colonists complaints against the British government

Resolution of Independence

Declares the colonies are “Free and Independent States” with the fill power to make war, to form alliances, and to trade with other countries

Author and Date of adoption of the Decalration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson was the author and it was adopted on July 4, 1776

Articles of Confederation

congress had some powers but not many. The powers they had were significant but not enough to run a government. There were also no separate branches of government as there was just one weak central government.

Benefits of the Articles of Confederation

Some benefits the federalists saw in the Articles of Confederation are that the weak central government couldn’t turn into a tyranny as it didn't have enough power to over through other people in power.

Major Failures of the Articles of Confederation

The government couldn't regulate trade, collect taxes, or enforce treaties, which led to calls for a stronger government.

Shay’s Rebellion

A rebellion that erupted in Massachusetts in 1786. This conflict started when many people were heavily taxed to help pay for the government's debts but it led to many farmers falling into debt and ending up having to sell their farm.

Original purpose of the Constitution

To create a stronger national government that gave fair representation to big and small states.

Virginia Plan

A plan that James Madison came up with which stated that the legislature would be divided into two houses and both houses' way to decide the number of representatives for each state was decided based on the population of that state.

New Jersey Plan

Modified the articles of confederation to make the central government stronger and congress would have one house where each state would be equally represented.

Conneticut Compromise

The Connecticut Compromise proposed that in one house of congress, the house of representative, that states would be represented according to their states population. The other half, the senate, would have equal representation for every state.

3/5 Compromise

Suggested by northern delegates so that slaves should be counted as ⅗ of a person so that they could tax them as ⅗ of a person.

Federalists Papers

Influential papers that were used in New York that explained the new constitution and how it worked to try to get people to support the new constitution.

Impeachment

A power the House of Representatives has which they can bring formal charges against any federal official it suspects of wrongdoing or misconduct.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution gave the federal government the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper to execute its responsibilities.

Legislative Branch

Makes the nation's laws and appropriates the funds.

Bicameral Legislature

The legislative body which makes up two of the chambers.

House of Representative Requirements

Must be 25 years or older, a United States citizen for at least 7 years

Senate Member Requirements

Must be 30 years or older, a United States citizen for at least 9 years

Executive Branch

Executes and carries out laws that congress passes.

Judicial Branch

Consists of different federal courts that review and evaluate laws and interpret the Constitution

How a bill becomes a bill

A representative in Congress introduces the bill and eventually if it gets approved it makes its way to the president who can chose to sign the bill of veto the bill

Overuling a presidential veto

Congress can override a veto by having a ⅔ vote for the bill to be passed in the House and Senate.

Separation of Powers

The framers decided to separate the power of the government to prevent any institution from gaining too much power so the government is split into 3 different branches which all have their own responsibilities.

Article 1

Creates a congress consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives

Article 2

The President shall be called the commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States and of the Militia of several states when called into the actual service of the United States.

Article 3

The Judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court and in such inferior Courts as the Congress from time to time ordain and be established.

Enumerated Powers

The power for the government to be able to coin money, regulate interstate and foreign trade, maintain the armed forces, and create federal courts.

Reserved Powers

The power for the government to be able to establish schools, set marriage and divorce laws, and regulate trade within the state.

Concurrent Powers

Powers the states and governments share such as raising taxes, borrowing money, providing public welfare, and administering criminal justice.

Federalists

wanted power to be divided between the central government and regional governments

Anti-Federalists

wanted a strong central government

Alexander Hamilton

One of the founding fathers of the U.S. who supported the Tariff of 1789 but also believed the government should have the ability to borrow money.

John Marshall

Made Chief Justice of the United States and served as Chief Justice for 34 years.

Thomas Jefferson

One of the U.S. founding fathers, author of Declaration of Independence, and 3rd president of U.S.

Adam Smith

Came up with the idea of Market economy and also wrote a book called “Wealth of Nations”

McCullouh vs. Maryland

Maryland wanted to tax the second bank of the U.S. but McCulloh didn’t like it so he didn’t pay the tax. This went to court and was ruled that the taxing was an act of interference so it was unconstitutional

Marybury vs. Madison

Established the principle of judicial review which is the power of the federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional

Gibbons vs. Ogden

A company had been granted a monopoly by the state of New York to control all steamboat traffic in New York waters. This monopoly was ruled unconstitutional and from there on the federal government would overlook interstate commerce and transportation.

Mercantilism

Colonies have an obligation to assist the mother country in gaining wealth

Characteristics of Capitalism

assets privately owned, labor is purchased for money wages, competition, invisible hand guides the market

Characteristics of Socialism

production for use rather profit, equal distribution of wealth and material, no competition free access to all goods and services

Implied Powers

Powers not listed in the constitution but necessary for the government to do their job

Enumerated Powers

Powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution

Deal to move the Capital of the U.S.

Madison and Jefferson would use their influence to convince southerners in Congress to Vote for Hamilton’s plan and in return they would move the capital from NYC to an area along the Potomac River and be called the District of Columbia

Whiskey Rebellion

Started in Pennsylvania in 1794 when people rebelled against a new tax on Whiskey

Louisiana Purchase

On April 30, 1803 the U.S. bought Louisiana from France for $11.25 million dollars and the pay the Frances debts

Jacksonian Democracy

A movement for more democracy in the 1830s led by Andrew Jackson

Rober Barrons

A successful industrialists whose business practices were often seen as ruthless and unethical

Jay Gould

the most notoriously corrupt railroad company owner

Andrew Carnegie

An industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry which made him one of the richest Americans in history.

John Rockefeller

one of the most famous industrialists who achieved almost complete horizontal integration of his industry.

Gustavos Swift

developed the first practical ice cooled railroad car.

Samuel Gompers

the first president of the American Federation of Labor and held that position until 1924.

Inoovations of the Gilded Age

steel, refrigerated train cars, etc.

American Federation of Labor

Was the dominant union of the late 1800s which was created by several national trade unions coming together to create this and this focused on promoting the interests of skilled workers.

Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869 and had a different approach to labor issues.

Wobblies

Nickname given to the IWW who wanted to organize all workers according to industry without making distinctions between skilled and unskilled workers

Muckrackers

a term referred to a character in John Bunyan’s book Pilgrims’ Progress, who single-mindedly scraped up the filth on the ground, ignoring everything else.

Upton Sinclair

Author of a novel called The Jungle which had appalling descriptions of  conditions in the meat packing industry in Chicago.

Robert La Follette

A republican governor of Wisconsin who led Wisconsin to become a model of progressive reform.

Trust

a way of merging businesses that do not violate such laws.

Homestead Strike

Tension between the steel workers and management grew and the workers began to protest. The steel company brought armed guards to remove the workers from the property. That turned violent and some people died, many more injured.

Free Enterprise

based on private property rights where individuals could acquire capital and decide how to use it without strict government controls.

Horizontel Integration

combining firms in the same business into one large corporation

Vertical Integration

when a company owns all of the different business on which it depends on for its operation

Sherman Antitrust act

Congress passed this law in 1890 that prohibited any combination or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among several states

Homestead Act

a law that turned over large amounts of public land to people

Bull Market

A long period of stocks rising

Speculation

Buyers hoping for a quick rise of profits

Buying on Margin

Making a small cash down payment on stocks

Bank Run

When many depositors made runs on banks, causing the banks to collapse