15_-_Evolution_of_Sex_and_Reproduction

Muller’s Ratchet

The phenomenon of almost irreversible accumulation of deleterious mutations in asexual populations.

Genetic Load

The burden of deleterious mutations in a population, which can affect reproductive success and survival.

Anisogamy

The condition of producing gametes of different sizes, typically seen in sexual reproduction where eggs are larger than sperm.

Hidden Variation

Genetic variation within a population that is not immediately expressed but can emerge under selection.

Sexual Reproduction

A mode of reproduction involving the combining of genetic material from two individuals to create offspring with varied genetic traits.

Cost of Sexual Reproduction

The two-fold cost of sexual reproduction refers to the fact that sexual females produce fewer offspring than asexually reproducing females, as only females produce offspring.

Polyspermy Block

Mechanisms involved in stopping multiple sperm from fertilizing a single egg, ensuring proper fertilization.

Estradiol

A form of estrogen that regulates various functions in the body, including the ovarian cycle and reproductive health.

Gonadotropins

Hormones that stimulate the activity of the gonads, leading to gametogenesis in both sexes.

Follicular Phase

The stage in the ovarian cycle before ovulation, characterized by the growth of ovarian follicles.

Osteoporosis

A medical condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, often resulting from hormonal changes, calcium, or vitamin D deficiencies.

Menstrual Cycle

The regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible.

Exercise-related Female Reproductive Dysfunction (ERFRD)

A condition characterized by amenorrhea or irregular menstruation in physically active females, often due to energy imbalance.

Cumulus Cells

Cells that surround the oocyte and play a role in the fertilization process.

Acrosome Reaction

The process by which sperm release enzymes to penetrate the zona pellucida of the egg during fertilization.

Progestin

Synthetic drugs that mimic the effects of progesterone, commonly used in hormonal contraception.