Theories of Personality: Carl Rogers

History

  • Born in 1902 in Illinois – Midwestern conservative religious upbringing
  • Started training for the ministry but rejected it as too rigid, but those values evident in his approach
  • A key advocate of humanistic psychology

Phenomenological Perspective

  • Life’s Master Motive: The Actualizing Tendency
    • Primary motive is to actualize, maintain, or enhance
    • To become the best self that their inherited natures will allow them to be
    • Organismic Value Process: monitoring system of individuals to distinguish experiences that promotes or hinders actualization
  • Roger’s Phenomenological Position
    • What is real to an individual is that which exists within the person’s frame of reference
  • Here and Now (ahistorical)
    • To understand why a person behaves in such a way, we do not need to dig into his or her past instead we must understand the person’s relationship to the environment as he now exists and perceives it
  • The Self-Concept
    • Composed of the real self and the ideal self and our goal is to narrow the gap between the two (actualization)
  • Genuineness and Authenticity: being true to yourself and others by being aware of own feelings rather than presenting an outward facade

Congruence and Incongruence

  • Congruence

    • Self-concept meshes well with actual experience (some incongruence is probably unavoidable)
  • Incongruence

    • Self-concept does not mesh well with actual experience

Development

  • Depends on which of the following does the person receive from SDs

Conditional Positive Regard

  • Acceptance of some or rejection of other behavior
  • Conditions of worth:
    • Evaluative notions concerning which behaviors are worthy or unworthy
    • Self-concept thus socially determined and, as a result, is incongruent with the inherent potentialities
    • To keep incongruence repressed defenses are used

Unconditional Positive Regard

  • Basic, complete acceptance or respect
  • Self-concept reflects all that there is in the inherent potentialities
  • Self is considered congruent with potentialities

2 Basic Human Needs

  • Self-Actualization: the need to fulfill all of one’s potential
  • Positive Regard: the need to receive acceptance, respect, and affection from others
    • Often comes with conditions attached

The Fully Functioning Person (Going Towards Actualization)

  • Openness to Experience
    • Open to responsibilities; embraces human experiences such as love, pain, suffering, forgiveness, compassion, etc.
  • Existential Living
    • Every experience is a new experience and giving your best anytime (living the day as if it is your last)
  • Organismic Trusting
    • Doing what you feel is right, not what is right or what society thinks is right
  • Experiential Freedom
    • Capacity to choose and to be free
  • Creativity
    • Productive (to self and culture)
  • Accurate Empathy (Unconditional Positive Regard)
    • The only way to have accurate empathy is to accept the other person without judgment

Conditional in Person-Centered Therapy

  • Direction comes from the client rather than from the therapist’s insights, so referred to as nondirective therapy, later client-centered therapy
    • Empathy
    • Congruence or genuineness
    • Unconditional positive regard

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