CLWH Benchmark II

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27 Terms

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Manifest Destiny
"God-given" right to move west

The philosophy that drove 19th-century U.S. territorial expansion
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Origins of the Manifest Destiny
early colonial period when English colonists believed that God had given them a special mission to build a new society in the New World and adopted by American nationalist in the 19th century
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**Freed slaves after Reconstruction** 
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* Slavery was ended but there was still social discrimination 
* Northern armies forced social program of Reconstruction with violent backlash following after
* Once the North left the South decided not to follow it
* Violated the 13th, 14th and 15th amendment
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Little Bighorn
Colonel Geroge Armstrong Custer’s army was destroyed by Lakota Sioux in 1878
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Wounded Knee
US cavalry slaughtered 890 men, women, and children

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Emiliano Zapata
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* Revolutionary leader of the Mexican Revolution 
* Worked with Francisco Villa 
* Led masses of landless peasants
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Importance of railroads
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* Construction of railroads/railroad lines drastically improved U.S. national economy
* Linked all U.S. regions
* Helped create integrated national economy
* cheap transportation
* development of other industries
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Crimean War results
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* Was a Russian effort to gain more territory 
* Eventually failed, showing Russia’s weakness
* Especially against western Europe
* Took a severe economic toll
* Prompted the tsar and his government to reevaluate and the social order and restructure/reform (Witte)
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Sultan Selim III’s relationship with Janissaries
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* Selim attempted reforms, specifically trying to remodel his army to be like European forces
* Threatened Janissaries
* Janissaries revolted, killed the troops, and imprisoned the sultan
* Also killed all male members of the dynasty other than Mahmud II when they tried to re-establish power
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Reforms in Russia
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* Most significant was the emancipation of the serfs
* Serfs were a peasant class that were similar to slaves 
* They still did not have the same rights as other citizens
* Government created new groups to deal with issues of health, education, and welfare
* These were formed of elected representatives
* Legal reforms promoted more uses of independent judges, appellate courts, and attorneys
* Industrialization was attempted but only semi-successful
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Treaty of Nanjing
Chinese easily defeated by British naval forces

ended the Opium War in China
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Opening of Japan
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* 1853: US send a group of ships to Japan to open up trade and diplomatic relations with the country
* Significant since Japan has been isolated prior
* The Japanese government agreed to a treaty that allowed American ships to enter some Japanese ports for supplies.
* Other Western countries follows and helps Japan become a modern industrial nation 
* However caused conflicts as Japan didn’t know whether to embrace Western ideas or stick to tradition
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**Boers**
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* a group of Dutch settlers in Africa (mostly farmers and ranchers)
* Believed they had been chosen by God to settle and control Cape Town
* British did not like
* Miners stole metals, Boers angry
* Boer war started
* British put them in concentration camps
* they lived happily ever after (no they died)
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Who were the Sepoys?
Indian Troops (mainly Hindus and Muslim) who worked for Britain
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Sepoy Rebellion
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Also known as the Indian Rebellion

Catalyst: British created enfield rifles with cartilages made out of animal fat, angered Hindus and Muslim

Ended unsuccessful and caused direct rule of India by the British
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Russian Revolution
Started 1917

Ended during the Great War

Russia changed from a monarchy to a socialist government

Industrialization occurred by unsuccessful
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Francis Ferdinand
his assassination was a catalyst for WWI
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Gavrilo Princip
assassinated Ferdinand and his wife
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Triple Alliance
known as the Central Powers

Germany and Austro-Hungarians joined by the Italians
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motives for Triple Alliance
Each group had different motivations for joining the alliance

* Germany: secure its position as a leading power in Europe, limiting the power of France and Russia
* Austria-Hungary: support in its conflicts with Russia and Serbia
* Italy: a way to gain support in its territorial ambitions in the Balkans
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Plan XVII
heavy emphasis on rapid offensives (French)
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Schlieffen Plan
fears of encirclement, conditional on mobilization of enemy forces (German)
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**Western front in France**
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* Major battleground during WWI
* 3 year bloody stalemate
* trenches from English Channel to Switzerland
* System of trenches, barbed wire, and fortifications
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Who fought in Western front in France
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mainly Germany vs. France

Allied Powers (France, UK, and US) fought against the Central Powers (Germany)
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League of Nations
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* Created by diplomats in Paris
* International organization founded in 1920 to promote peace and cooperation among nations after WWI
* 42 original member-states, 26 non-Europeans
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How did US play into the League of Nations?
US was reluctant to join (due to isolationism), their absence was a significant blow to the organization and they struggled to achieve their goals which led to WWII
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White Man’s Burden
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* Written by Rudyard Kipling 
* Justified imperialism
* Western countries felt they had a duty to spread their culture and values around the world (to promote peace and stability)
* Led to conflict and resentment and reinforced racist attitudes