acids and bases

what the fuckkkkk

define an acid in Arrhenius’ model

substances yielding hydronium ions

define a base in the Arrhenius Model

substances yielding hydroxide ions

define an acid in the Bronsted-Lowry Model

any substance capable of donating hydrogen ion or proton to another substance (proton donors)

define a base in the Bronsted-Lowry Model

any substance capable of accepting a proton or hydrogen from another substance (proton acceptors)

why is water considered amphoteric?

water can act as either an acid or as a base

if an acid is strong, how much does it dissociate in water?

completely

if an acid is weak, how much does it dissociate in water

only dissociate to a very small percentage

what is a weak base?

a base which is only slightly dissociates in aqueous solution

what is a strong base?

a base which is highly dissociated in aqueous solution

What are the five strong bases?

NaOH, KOH, RbOH, Ca(OH)₂, Ba(OH)₂

what characteristic makes acids strong (easily dissociated)?

bond length - the longer it is, the stronger the acid is

what are the five strong acids?

HCl, HBr, H₂SO₄, HNO₃, and HClO₄

what does it mean if an acid is monoprotic?

it has 1 acidic proton (ex: HCl)

what does it mean if an acid is diprotic?

it has 2 acidic protons (Ex: H₂SO₄

What two things determine how strong an acid is?

• in strong acids, the hydrogen is bonded either to a very electronegative element or to an oxygen bonded to a non-metal

• in this oxyacids, the strength of the acid increases with the electronegativity of the non-metal (ex: H₂SO₄ strong, H₃PO₄ weak) and the number of oxygens present (ex: HNO₃ strong, HNO₂ weak)

Draw the relationship between [H₃O⁺], [OH^-], pH, and pOH (the square of calculations)

what is the calculation for how water acts as its own acid and conjugate base

2H₂O ←→ H₃O⁺ + OH^-

What is K_w at 25 degrees

1 × 10^-14

how does the pH range change as temperature increases

decreases as temperature increases

what will the K_a value be if the acid is strong?

very high

what will the K_a value be if the acid is weak?

very small

if the pKa is lower, the acid is ____; if the pKa is high, the acid is ____ (strong/weak)

strong, weak

what is the relationship between K_w, K_a, K_b (formula)

K_w=K_aK_b

what is the relationship between an acid and it’s conjugate base?

the stronger the acid (easier to give away H⁺), the weaker its conjugate base (less willing to accept H⁺)

which does equilibrium prefer in acid-base reactions and why? (weaker or stronger?)

prefers the production of the weaker acid and base

• the stronger the reacting acid and base, the more complete the reaction