Apush Chapter 32 Key Terms

London Economic Conference, 1933

A Conference of 66 nations that sought to revive global trade by stabilizing exchange rates. FDR did not want the dollar tied to any other currencies so he could pursue his inflation policies, leading him to withdraw the American delegation.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR’s policy of building good relations with Latin American nations to ensure they could not be used as footholds to the new world by hostile totalitarian powers. All marines in Latin America were sent home as the U.S. pledged to non intervention.

Mexican Oil Expropriation

The Mexican seizure of American owned oil fields in Mexico. Initially met with calls for invasion by the oil companies, but FDR instead brokered a deal to establish peace.

Cordell hull

United States Secretary of State. The man who came up with the Reciprocal Trade Agreements. Believed in low tariffs.

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

An agreement to significantly cut tariffs with other nations if they would agree too to lower theirs. Fostered economics cooperation between the U.S. and Latin American countries, leading to a significant uptick in international trade.

The rise to power of Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Adolf Hitler

Stalin became dictator of the USSR after Lenin’s death, Benito Mussolini became dictator of Italy in 1922, and Hitler used Germany’s democratic system to come into power in 1933.

Rome Berlin Axis

The alignment seen between the new Fascist Italian and German Regimes.

Ethiopian Invasion

Italy’s bold and brutal invasion of tribal Ethiopia with the use of bombers, tanks, and mustard gas. Spelled the end of the league of nations as they refused to embargo Italian oil and put an end to the war.

Isolationism

American non-involvement in European and other international affairs. The U.S. was content to just hide behind the walls of Atlantic and Pacific.

Nye Committee

A congressional Committee led by Gerald Nye which investigated how arms manufactures profited off of world war 1. Blamed the profit incentives of the war for throwing the U.S. into it.

Neutrality Acts of 1935,36, and 37

Stated that when the President named a foreign war, U.S. citizens may not sail on belligerent ships, U.S. ships could not transport arms and munitions to a belligerent nation, and U.S. banks could not loan money to belligerent nations.

Spanish Civil War,

A civil war started when fascist rebels aided by the German and Italians regimes started a 3 year long war to take control of the country. The republican government received little aid for the Soviets and no aid from other democratic countries, while Franco’s army received abundant support, leading to its eventual victory. Illustrated the folly of avoiding intervention.

Japanese invasion of China

Kicked off by the Marco Polo Bridge incident, led to a total war between the Japanese and Chinese. Never labeled an official war by FDR so both the Chinese and Japanese could continue to do buisness with the U.S.

FDR's Quarantine Speech

Boldly called for the embargo of belligerents dictator ships like Italy and Japan. Met with great hostility by isolationists so FDR backed off.

Panay incident

Japanese Bombers sank a US gun boat in a chinese port, killing 2 and wounding 30. The Japanese government rushed to pay the US back for the damages.

Rhineland Invasion

German forces moved in to the demilitarized rhineland, flouting that portion of the treaty of Versailles. Met with British and French indecision.

Holocaust

The organized persecution and death of 6 million Jews who entered German concentration camps.

Austrian Annexation

The sudden German occupation of German Speaking Austria, Hitler’s birth nation.

Sudetenland

The Eastern, border, Mountainous, ethnically german region of Czechoslovakia that Hitler Claimed.

Munich Conference

A conference held between Italy, German, France, and Britain which peacefully delivered to the Nazi’s the Sudetendland.

Appeasement

The western practice of delivering to the German government its demands in hope of avoiding future conflicts and demands by satisfying Hitler’s hunger.

Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Treaty

A non aggression pact between the German and Russian Dictators, giving hitler the green light to invade Poland.

Cash and Carry Neutrality Act

The 1939 Neutrality act which allowed the U.S. to sell arms to western democracies if they paid in cash and carried the arms home on their own merchant ships. Also allowed Roosevelt to declare danger zones through which American vessels could not sail.

Phony War

The few month period between the fall of poland and the German invasion of France during which there was very little fighting in Europe while Hitler planned his next invasion.

Invasion of France

In June of 1940, Hitler invaded Denmark, Norway, then Belgium and the Netherlands to reach the French whom his war machine crushed in a few short weeks.

Winston Churchill comes to power

The British Prime Minister at the time who distinguished himself by preaching a platform of resistance to the German War Machine. A very strong leader who empowered the British people during the london bombings.

Battle of Britain

The months long air war of Britain which saw the Germans and the British dueling it our for control of the skies. After an initial German advantage, the British air force slowly began to beat back the Germans, leading Hitler to abandon a prepared invasion of the Island.

Committee to Defend America by aiding the allies

A propaganda group that advocated for supporting the British in their fight against the Germans by both proclaiming that they’re fighting for democracy and that by aiding them it will keep the European war in Europe.

The America First Committee

The Isolationist Counterpart to the interventionists. Believed the U.S. should focus instead on home defense to prevent Hitler from taking a transatlantic voyage. Led by Charles Lindbergh

Destroyer Deal

The U.S. would exchange 50 WW1 era destroyers for 8 islands or territories the British held in the new world.

Wendell Willkie

The dark horse republican candidate who prior to entering politics was the head of public utility corporation. He had a magnetic personality, trustworthy transparency, and homespun honesty. Saw the necessity of the new deal and intervention so attacked its execution not its merit,

Lend Lease Act

A bill passed by Roosevelt after the election that pledged the U.S. to lend arms to democratic nation to keep the fighting on their side of the atlantic. The arms or their equivalents would be returned once the fighting was concluded. Gave the British essentially a blank check as their war funds were dwindling.

Hitler Invades USSR

Its goal was to put an end to bickering over who would control what in eastern Europe and to secure oil fields. A Godsend for the Allies as now the Germans would bleed themselves dry if they couldn’t decisively win before winter set in.

Atlantic Charter

Similar to Wilson’s 14 points, it laid out what the world should be like after the war’s conclusion. It emphasized individual rights over the rights of nations, priming the world for a bill of universal human rights. No territory would be transferred without the consent of the people, the people could choose their own governments, and the old governments abolished by the dictators would be restored.

Greer, Kearney and Reuben James

Three U.S. destroyers that saw combat with German U-Boats while escorting convoys to Iceland.

Japanese embargo

FDR’s Refusal to sell oil, gas, and other war materials to the Japanese so as to stop aiding their war effort in China. Led to raised tensions between the two.