Architectural Structures

Reinforced concrete

What type of material provides enhanced durability and load-bearing capacity to withstand the weight of a 15-storey mixed-use commercial-residential structure?​

To transfer loads and resist bending moments 

In a rigid frame, what is the purpose of the connections between the beams and columns?​

Reinforced concrete column

Which type of column is made by pouring concrete into a formwork and allowing it to harden and cure?​

Reinforced concrete

A major consideration for the construction is to minimize potential corrosion issues. Which material has a natural resistance to corrosion, making it suitable for the project?

Flat slab

Which type of structure is characterized by a framework of horizontal slabs and vertical columns, allowing for flexible space planning and easy integration of building services?

Load-bearing wall

The building design aims to maximize natural light and provide unobstructed views. Which structural system offers the advantage of minimizing the number of interior columns?

Reinforced concrete core

For an energy-efficient and sustainable approach, the structural engineers propose using a system that relies on the thermal mass of the building to regulate indoor temperatures. Which structural system aligns with this objective?

Flat slab

The client prefers an open and column-free interior space for commercial purposes. Which structural system is best suited to achieve this open-plan layout?

Reduced construction time and costs

The structural engineering team proposes using a combination of reinforced concrete and structural steel for the 15-storey mixed-use commercial-residential structure. What is the primary advantage of this structural technology?

To transfer loads and resist bending moments 

In a rigid frame, what is the purpose of the connections between the beams and columns?

Superstructure

WHICH IS THE ABOVE GROUND PORTION OF THE BUILDING

Substructure

WHICH IS THE HABITABLE BELOW-GROUND PORTION

Foundation

WHICH ARE THE COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING THAT TRANSFER ITS LOAD INTO THE SOIL

Deep Foundations

TRANSFER THE LOAD AT A POINT FAR BELOW THE SUBSTRUCTURE.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

ARE THOSE THAT TRANSFER THE LOAD TO THE EARTH AT THE BASE OF THE COLUMN OR WALL OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE

.30 x .30 m

Column Size good for 3m to 6m column spacing

Individual or Isolated Footings

are spread footings supporting free-standing columns and piers. – IS A KIND OF FOOTING REPRESENTS THE SIMPLEST AND MOST ECONOMICAL TYPE

Wall or Strip Footings

IS A STRIP OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WIDER THAN THE WALL WHICH DISTRIBUTES THE LOAD TO THE SOIL.

Stepped Footings

are strip footings that change levels to accommodate a sloping grade and maintain the required depth at all points around a building

Combined Footings

IS USED WHEN TWO OR MORE COLUMNS ARE SPACED CLOSELY TO EACH OTHER THAT THEIR FOOTING WILL ALMOST OR COMPLETELY MERGE.

Cantilevered Footings

This type of footing may be used in place of a combined footing under the same conditions. In this type of construction, the footings of the exterior and interior columns are connected by a tie-beam or strap

Continuous Footings

These may be supporting a line of columns and supporting all of the columns by strips at right angles to each other

Raft Foundations

are used on soil of low bearing power where there is a tendency towards unequal settlement due to unequal loading of soil. In this type of foundation all parts of the foundation are so tied together so that they will act as one and assist each other in keeping level and plumb.

Steel Grillage Foundation

When it is desired to avoid the deep excavation required for concrete and masonry footings, and when the load has to be distributed over a wide area of support, steel rails or beams are used to give the required moment of resistance with a minimum of depth.

Pile Foundations

is a system of end bearing or friction piles, pile caps, and tie beams for transferring building loads down to a suitable bearing stratum.

Pile

IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER OF SMALL CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA WITH REASONABLE LENGTH DRIVEN DOWN THE GROUND BY MEANS OF HAMMERS OR VIBRATORY GENERATOR.

Grade Beam

THAT PART OF A FOUNDATION SYSTEM W/C SUPPORTS THE EXTERIOR WALL OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE AND BEARS DIRECTLY ON THE COLUMN FOOTING.

Retaining Wall

A WALL OR LATERALLY BRACED, THAT BEARS AGAINST AN EARTH OR OTHER FILL SURFACE AND RESISTS LATERAL AND OTHER FORCES

Cantilever Wall

A REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL WHICH RESIST OVERTURNING BY THE USE OF CANTILEVER FOOTING.

Gravity Wall

A MASSIVE CONCRETE WALL THAT RESIST OVERTURNING BY VIRTUE OF IT’S OWN WEIGHT.

Concrete

IS AN ARTIFICIAL STONE MADE OUT FROM THE MIXTURE OF CEMENT, SAND, GRAVEL AND WATER. THIS IS KNOWN AS SOLID MASS OR PLAIN CONCRETE.

Slump Test

A READY MEANS OF DETERMINING THE CONSISTENCY OF FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE.

Reinforced Concrete

CONCRETE IN WHICH REINFORCEMENT IS EMBEDDED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE TWO MATERIALS ACT TOGETHER IN RESISTING FORCES IS CALLED

300mm X 300mm X 300mm

Measuring Box for 40kg Cement

320mm X 320mm X 330mm

Measuring Box for 50kg Cement

1 : 1.5 : 3

Class AA Cement : Sand : Gravel Proportion

1 : 2 : 4

Class A Cement : Sand : Gravel Proportion

1 : 2.5 : 5

Class B Cement : Sand : Gravel Proportion

1 : 3 : 6

Class C Cement : Sand : Gravel Proportion

Post

REFERS TO A PIECE OF TIMBER OF EITHER CYLINDRICAL, SQUARE OR OTHER GEOMETRICAL CROSS SECTION PLACED VERTICALLY TO SUPPORT A BUILDING.

Column

REFERS TO VERTICAL STRUCTURE USE TO SUPPORT A BUILDING MADE OF STONE, CONCRETE, STEEL OR COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE MATERIALS.

Tied Columns

These are columns with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.

Spiral Columns

These are columns with longitudinal bars and closely spaced continuous spiral hooping.

Composite Columns

where structural steel columns are embedded into the concrete core of a spiral column.

Combined Columns

where structural steel is encased in concrete of at least 7 cm thick, reinforced with wire mess surrounding the column at a distance of 3 cm inside the outer face of the concrete cover

Lally Columns

are fabricated steel pipes provided with flat steel plates which holds a girder or girt, and is filled with grout or concrete to prevent corrosion.

4cm

ALLOWANCE PROTECTIVE COVERING OF STEEL BARS FROM THE OUTSIDE OF THE MAIN REINFORCEMENT

Inflection Points

REFER TO THE PORTION OF A BEAM WHERE BENDING MOMENT CHANGES FROM POSITIVE TO NEGATIVE.

Beam

IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER THAT SUPPORTS THE TRANSVERSE LOAD WHICH USUALLY REST ON SUPPORTS AT ITS END.

Girder

IS THE TERM APPLIED TO A BEAM THAT SUPPORTS ONE OR MORE SMALLER BEAM.

Two Way Slab

SLAB WHICH ARE SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES WHERE THE FLOOR PANEL IS NEARLY SQUARE IS GENERALLY ECONOMICAL TO EMPLOY THE TWO DIRECTIONS OF REINFORCING BARS PLACED AT RIGHT ANGLE WITH EACH OTHER.

One Way Slab

THE COMMON TYPE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM WHICH THE REINFORCEMENTS RUNS ONLY IN ONE DIRECTION. MADE OF SOLID SLAB SUPPORTED BY TWO PARALLEL BEAMS.

Ribbed Floor Slab

IS AN ECONOMICAL TYPE OF FLOOR CONSTRUCTION BUT IS APPLICABLE ONLY TO MEDIUM SPAN LENGTH WITH LIGHT OR MEDIUM LOAD.

Flat Slab

IS A RECTANGULAR SLAB DIRECTLY SUPPORTED BY COLUMNS WITHOUT BEAMS OR GIRDERS.