hgap AP units 3-5

PLEASE 5!

Indigenous communities

groups of native people who have historically inhabited a particular region, maintaining cultural traditions and social structures distinct from mainstream society.

Creolization/Creolized Languages

the process of cultural mixing and the creation of new cultural identities, particularly in colonial contexts, often leading to the development of new languages.

Dialect

a regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.

Indo-European

A large family of languages that originated in Europe and parts of Asia, spreading across the world due to migration and colonization.

Language families

Groups of related languages that share a common ancestor, classified based on shared linguistic features and historical development.

Lingua franca

A language that is used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages, often for trade or diplomacy.

Pidgin

A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different native languages, often with a limited vocabulary and simplified grammar.

Administered boundaries

political borders enforced by a government or authority, often disregarding cultural divisions.

African Union

A continental union consisting of 55 African countries, formed to promote unity, cooperation, and development among its member states.

Arctic Council

A forum for promoting cooperation among Arctic states, indigenous communities, and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

A regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten Southeast Asian countries aimed at promoting economic growth, cultural exchange, and political stability.

European Union (EU)

A political and economic union of European countries that promotes integration and cooperation among its member states.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Military alliance formed in 1949 to promote collective defense and security among member countries in North America and Europe.

Separatist movements

political movements seeking independence for a specific region or group within a country. These groups usually aim to gain greater autonomy or full sovereignty.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

An international treaty that establishes guidelines for the use and conservation of the world's oceans, including maritime boundaries and resource management.

United Nations (UN)

An intergovernmental organization founded in 1945, aimed at promoting international cooperation, peace, and security among nations.

Cadastral System

A system used to survey and map land parcels, recording their boundaries and ownership, often for taxation and land administration purposes.

Clustered land use settlement

A type of land use where buildings and structures are concentrated in specific areas, often for efficiency and shared resources.

Commodity chains

A network of production, processing, and distribution that connects various stages of the production of goods and services, from raw materials to consumer.

Dispersed settlements

A type of land use characterized by individual farms or homesteads spread out over a large area, rather than being concentrated in one location.

Holistic Land Management

An approach to land use that considers the interconnectedness of various land management practices and their social, economic, and environmental impacts.

Horticulture

the science of growing fruits, vegetables, and flowers in gardens or plantations.

Independent Invention

The process by which societies develop similar technologies or cultural practices independently, without influence from other cultures.

Linear Settlements

Settlements organized in a line, usually along transportation routes or waterways.

Long-lot Settlements

A type of land division used in agricultural practices, characterized by long, narrow parcels of land, which allows for access to waterways and more efficient use of land.

Metes and bounds

A land surveying system that defines property lines based on natural landmarks and precise measurements.

Rectangular survey system

A method of land division in the United States established by the Land Ordinance of 1785, using a grid system to create rectangular plots for property ownership.

Rural settlement patterns

Different forms of land use and habitation in rural areas, including dispersed, clustered, and linear patterns.

Supply Chains

The networks and processes involved in the production and distribution of goods from suppliers to consumers.

Township and range

A land measurement system used in the United States to divide land into a grid of square parcels, established by the Land Ordinance of 1785.

Mixed crop/livestock systems

A farming system that combines the production of crops and livestock in a cohesive manner, where crops are grown to feed animals and animal manure is used to fertilize crops.

Monocropping/Monoculture

The agricultural practice of growing a single crop over a wide area for several consecutive seasons, which can lead to increased efficiency but may also cause soil depletion and higher pest susceptibility.

Multicropping

a farming practice where multiple crops are grown in the same field during a growing season.

Plantation agriculture

A system of large-scale farming that focuses on the production of a single cash crop, typically in tropical or subtropical regions. It relies on labor-intensive practices and often involves the cultivation of crops like sugar, cotton, or tobacco.

Ranching

A form of agriculture focused on raising livestock for meat, milk, and other animal products, typically on large tracts of land.

Shifting cultivation

a form of agriculture where farmers rotate fields to allow soil to recover. It involves the clearing and planting of land for a few years before moving to a new area.

Slash and burn

a form of shifting cultivation that involves cutting and burning vegetation to clear land for farming, promoting soil fertility temporarily.

Mediterranean climate & agriculture

A climate characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, conducive to growing crops like olives and grapes.