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Normal pH
The normal range of pH in the body, which is 7.35-7.45.
Nursing process
A systematic approach to providing patient care, consisting of the steps Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADPIE).
Subjective
Information provided by the patient or subject.
Objective
Information obtained through observation and examination.
Planning Care
The process of determining the most important issues to address in a patient's care plan.
Outcome Statements
Statements that describe the desired outcomes or goals of patient care, which should be measurable, realistic, and have an appropriate time frame.
Causes of Infection
Factors that can lead to the development of an infection, including pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Primary Infection
An infection caused by a single pathogen.
Secondary Infection
An infection caused by a different pathogen after a primary infection.
Localized Infection
An infection that is confined to a specific area of the body.
Systemic Infection
An infection that spreads to other organs through the bloodstream.
Health-care associated infection (HAI)
An infection acquired while receiving care in a healthcare setting.
Defenses
The body's natural mechanisms for protecting against infection, including primary, secondary, and tertiary defenses.
Contact Precautions
Precautions taken to prevent the spread of infection through direct contact, such as wearing gloves and a gown.
Droplet Precautions
Precautions taken to prevent the spread of infection through respiratory droplets, such as wearing gloves, a gown, a mask, and a shield.
Airborne Precautions
Precautions taken to prevent the spread of infection through airborne particles, such as wearing an N95 mask and being in a negative pressure room.
Vitals
Vital signs, including blood pressure, temperature, pulse, respirations, pain, and oxygen saturation.
Blood Pressure
The force of blood against the walls of the arteries, measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute.
Pulse
The wave of blood through the arteries, measured in beats per minute (bpm).
Respirations
The act of breathing, including the rate, depth, rhythm, and effort of breathing.
Hyperthermia
An elevated body temperature above 105 degrees Fahrenheit.
Hypothermia
A body temperature below 95 degrees Fahrenheit.
Point of maximal impulse (PMI)
The location where the heartbeat is most easily felt or heard.
Tidal Volume
The amount of air inhaled in one breath.
Adventitious Sounds
Abnormal sounds heard during auscultation of the lungs, such as stertorous, stridor, rhonchi, and rales/crackles.
Comprehensive health assessment
A thorough assessment of the patient's overall health, including inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, and olfaction.
Asepsis
The absence of microorganisms, achieved through medical or surgical techniques.
Respiratory tract infections
Infections that affect the respiratory system, such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
Genitourinary tract infections
Infections that affect the urinary and reproductive systems, such as urinary tract infections.
Surgical Wound Infection
An infection that occurs at the site of a surgical incision.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
A type of bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics and can cause difficult-to-treat infections.
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)
A type of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin and can cause infections in healthcare settings.
Clostridium Difficile (C
A bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, often as a result of antibiotic use.
Hypovolemic Shock
A condition in which there is a severe decrease in blood volume, leading to organ damage and death without immediate treatment.
Compensation
The body's attempt to maintain tissue perfusion by changing nonfailing mechanisms.
Anaphylactic Shock
A severe allergic reaction that can cause life-threatening symptoms, such as difficulty breathing and low blood pressure.
Opioid Addiction
A condition in which a person becomes physically and psychologically dependent on opioids.
Acute Pain
Pain that lasts less than 3 months and is associated with an inflammatory response.
Chronic Pain
Pain that lasts more than 3 months and persists beyond the expected healing time.
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
The patient is able to control their own pain medication.
Endorphins
The body's natural response to pain.
Neoplasm
Any new growth or abnormal cell growth of tissue.
Benign
Abnormal cells present, not cancerous yet but may be growing.
Malignant
Cancerous cells.
Carcinoma
Cancer of the skin, gland, and linings of the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts.
Sarcoma
Cancer of connective tissue, including bone and muscle.
Leukemia
Cancer of the blood, plasma cells, and bone marrow.
Lymphoma
Cancer of the lymph tissue.
Melanoma
Cancer of the skin cells.
Metastasis
Cancer cells that invade blood or lymph vessels and grow in a new location.
Prostate cancer
Most common cancer in men.
Breast cancer
Most common cancer in women.
Surgery
Therapeutic intervention for cancer treatment.
Radiation therapy
Treatment that uses radiation to kill cancer cells.
Chemotherapy
Treatment that uses chemicals to kill cancer cells.
Side effects of radiation
Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, mucositis, xerostomia, skin reactions, bone marrow depression.
Side effects of chemotherapy
Bone marrow depression, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, alopecia, neurotoxicity.
Hospice care
End-of-life care for patients with a prognosis of less than 6 months.
Allergic rhinitis
Common allergy characterized by sneezing, nasal itching, runny nose, and itchy red eyes.
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Chronic inflammatory skin response characterized by itching, edema, dry skin, and eruptions of blisters.
Anaphylaxis
Severe allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory and cardiac arrest.
Urticaria (hives)
Red, raised, itchy patches on the skin.
Contact dermatitis
Skin becomes red, itchy, and develops fragile vesicles due to contact with irritants or allergens.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
Virus that causes destruction of immune cells.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
Late phase of HIV infection characterized by a drop in T lymphocytes below 200.
Opportunistic infections
Infections that occur more often with weakened immune systems.
HIV antibody tests
Diagnostic tests to detect the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood.
T lymphocyte count
Measurement of the number of T lymphocytes in the blood.
Viral load testing
Measurement of the amount of HIV in the blood.
ARV (Antiretroviral) therapy
Medications used to reduce viral loads and prevent the development of opportunistic diseases in HIV/AIDS patients.
Dehiscence
Partial or complete separation of outer wound layers.
Evisceration
The rupturing of a wound.
Eschar
Hard, dry, leathery dead tissue.
Granulation tissue
New tissue that grows and fills in a wound.
Sinus tract
Tunnel that develops between two cavities or between an infected cavity and the skin's surface.
Edema
Swelling.
Erythema
Redness.
Necrotic
Dead tissue.
Ischemia
Reduced blood flow.
Purulent
Containing pus.
Contusions
Bruises.
Abrasions
Superficial wounds that rough up the top layer of skin.
Puncture wounds
Wounds caused by puncturing the skin.
Penetrating wounds
Puncture wounds with something still in the wound.
Lacerations
Wounds that won't come together.
Clean wounds
Not infected.
Clean-contaminated wounds
Direct contact with normal flora and potential for infection.
Contaminated wounds
Grossly contaminated by breaking asepsis.
Infected wounds
Infectious process established.
Pressure ulcers
Skin breakdown caused by pressure against the skin.
Braden Scale
Assessment tool used to assess the risk of developing pressure ulcers.
Debride
Removal of dead skin or tissue.
Sanguineous
Bloody drainage.
Serous
Yellowish drainage that looks like oil.
Purulent
Thick yellow-green drainage containing pus.
Bilious
Green drainage.
Serosanguineous
Drainage that contains both blood and liquid.
Seropurulent
Mixture of serum and pus
Scales
Flaky skin that sheds from the surface of the skin.
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