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Civil Service Exam
A test to determine eligibility for a scholar official position, initiated by Wendi in China.
Han Dynasty
Considered the most significant dynasty in Ancient China.
Grand Canal
Waterway constructed during Wendi's reign to link the Hungarian He and the Chiang Jiang.
Bureaucracy
A government system divided into departments, crucial to the Tang government.
Movable Type
Small block of metal or wood with a single character, introduced during the Song dynasty.
Confucianism
Belief system emphasizing education, morality, and proper conduct, based on Confucius' ideas.
Buddhism
Religion originating in India, focusing on attaining nirvana and following the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama.
Daoism (Taoism)
Belief system seeking harmony with nature and inner feelings, guided by Laozi's teachings.
Zheng He
Chinese explorer who sailed around Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, extending Chinese influence.
Hangul
Korean alphabet invented by King Sejong, consisting of 28 letters initially.
Koto
Instrument based on Chinese chin/Korean gayageum
Gagaku
Japanese court music
Fujiwara
Clan that had members marrying into the royal family
Aware
The way Japanese view beauty
Kanji
Chinese section of Japanese language
Hiragana
Traditional Japanese language
Katakana
Foreign language implemented in Japanese language
Regent
Members of the Fujiwara clan that exercised power in the name of the emperor
Courtier
People who took part in refined social life
Tenant farmer
People who paid rent in crops to farm the land
Provincial nobles
Controlled the provinces
Seppuku
Ritual suicide involving stabbing the belly and cutting out guts
Yasuke
African samurai
Bushido
The traditional code of the samurai (honor, discipline, bravery)
Denominations
Different religious groups of the same religion
Noh drama
Gestures, dance steps, slow dance (Shinto/Zen)
Rock gardens
Zen temples
Kabuki theater
Ballad singles, stories
Haiku
Poem 17 syllables, 5 lines
Eta
Outcasts
Ainu
Indigenous people
Population density
The number of people living per unit of area
Feudalism
Emerged as a way for leaders to maintain power and land, involving a hierarchical society with a king, landowners, church members, knights, and peasants (serfs).
Charlemagne
Son of Louis I, became emperor and dedicated himself to strengthening the church and promoting learning, although he forced conversion to Catholicism.
Knights
Provided military service in exchange for land, underwent training as pages, squires, and knights, abided by chivalry, and defended the Catholic Church.
Manor
Refers to the estate where peasants (serfs) lived and worked, forming the economic basis of feudalism, with limited freedom and self-sufficiency.
The Crusades
Series of religious wars, including the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Crusades, aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land, leading to trade booms and cultural exchanges.
The Plague
Also known as the Black Death, a deadly disease that spread across Europe, causing significant population decline, labor shortages, and economic changes.
Humanism
Renaissance movement focusing on human potential and achievements, promoting classical learning, creativity, and exploration, challenging the authority of the Church.
Printing Press
Invention that revolutionized communication by mass-producing books, leading to increased literacy, spread of ideas, and the use of vernacular languages.
Magna Carta
Document that protected the rights of nobles and limited the power of the English king, marking the beginning of feudalism's decline and the rise of modern reforms.
Renaissance
Cultural revival in Europe characterized by advancements in art, writing, philosophy, science, and economics, emphasizing human potential and classical learning.
Renaissance
A period of cultural rebirth that began in Italy, characterized by a revival of art, literature, and learning, influenced by the center of the Roman Empire and central trade routes.
Patrons
Wealthy individuals or families like the Medici who supported artists, writers, and musicians during the Renaissance.
Machiavelli
The founder of modern political science who wrote "The Prince," emphasizing that a leader's job is to expand and grow the state, sometimes through trickery.
Social Classes
Hierarchical divisions in Renaissance society including patricians, the commercial class, laborers, and peasants, with limited social mobility.
Gender Roles
Distinctions between men and women in the Renaissance, where men were involved in family businesses and women were expected to focus on domestic activities.
Renaissance Art
Contrasting medieval paintings with Renaissance art, which featured more realism, depth, perspective, and techniques like linear perspective, chiaroscuro, and frescoes.
Famous Figures
Notable Renaissance personalities like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and others who made significant contributions to art, literature, and architecture.
Reformation
A movement led by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church's corruption, emphasizing justification by faith, which led to the establishment of Protestant denominations like Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anabaptism, and Anglicanism.