Lifespan & Development exam 3

influences on Path to Adulthood

• Gender

• Academic ability

• Early attitudes toward education

• Expectations in late adolescence

• Social class

• Ego development

Foundations of intimate relationships

• Self disclosure

• Self awareness and empathy

• Ability to communicate emotions

• Conflict resolution

• Commitment

Eriksons Intimacy

• Strong romantic relationships

• Close relationships with family and friends

• Strong social support network

Eriksons Isolation

• Poor romantic relationships that lack intimacy

• Few or no relationships with friends and family

• Weak social support network

Friendship in young adulthood

• work and parenting activities

• sharing of confidences and advice

• Friendship for social needs

• Fictive kin

Triangular Sub-theory of Love (sternberg): Intimacy

• Emotional element

• Involves self disclosure

Triangular Sub-theory of Love (sternberg): Passion

• Motivaitonal element

• Translates physiological arousal into sexual desire

Triangular Sub-theory of Love (sternberg): Commitment

• Cognitive element

• Decision to love and stay with the beloved

Personality development: Four views

• Normative stage models

• Timing of events model

• Trait models

• Typological models

Ego resiliency

Adaptability under stress

Ego-control

Self control

Typological model

Ego resilient

Overcontrolled

Undercontrolled

Carl Jung

• First to theorize about adult development

• Healthy midlife includes individuation

Two difficult but necessary tasks of middle age

• Giving up image of youth

• Acknowledging mortality

Erik Erikson

Generativity vs stagnation

Generativity

• Concern for guiding the next generation

• Forms of generativity

• Virtue of “care”

Stagnation

People who do not find an outlet for generativity become self-indulgent or stagnant

Social roles

Expected behavior and attitudes associated with a social position

Role conflict

When two or more roles are incompatible

Role strain

Mismatch between a persons ability and demands of a role

Sandwich Traditional

Those sandwiched between aging parents who need care and/or help their own children

Sandwich Club

Those in their 50’s or 60’s sandwiched between aging parents, adult children and grandchildren OR those in their 30’s and 40’s with young children, aging parents, and grandparents

To minimize the stress of elder care

Role reversal does not work

• Cant be your parents parent

Hospitalization is not always the best

Aging is a one-way transition

75-80% of elder care given by family

true

Profile of Financial Stress: 1900’s

• 39% had one parent living

• 4% had two

Adult children report:

• 50% report being willing to use kids college funds

• 70% would forgo career advancement

Empty nest syndorme

• Period of transition

  • Focus on shifts of your own life

  • New relationship with child

• Not adding new roles

  • Less stressful

Empty nest has positive time and less depression

true

Becoming grandparent

¾ of people become grandparents by 65

Average grandparents age:

45-50

The cluttered nest

“Revolving door syndrome”

“Boomerang phenomenon”

Midlife crisis

• Potentially stressful period due to review and reevaluation of ones life

• Stressful crisis of identity

Ryffs Dimensions of Well-being

• self acceptance

• positive relations with others

• autonomy

• Purpose in life

• Personal growth

ageism

prejudice or discrimination based on age

Primary aging

• gradual inevitable process of aging

• Occurs throughout years, despite efforts to slow it

Secondary aging

• Results from disease, abuse, and disuse

• Factors within a persons control

Funcitonal aging

How well a person functions physically and socially

Activities of daily life

Basic skills that include independentley using the bathroom, getting dressed, etc

Instrumental activities of daily living

A measure of functioning that includes tasks requiring planning and social skills such as arragning for transportation, shopping, cooking etc

Genetic programming theories

• Programmed senescene

• Endocrine

• Immunological

• Evolutionary

variable Rate theories:

• Wear and Tear

• Free radical

• Rate of living

• Autoimmunity

Physical changes: Brain

• Loses weight over times 10% by age 90

• Cerebral cortex shrinks ( more rapidly in men)

Physical changes: Eyes

• 80% of older people have trouble seeing

• Cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma

Physical changes: Other losses

• Strength, endurance, balance, reaction time, sleep

Sarcopenia

Significant lack of muscle mass that limits adults ability to perform everyday activities

Reserve capacity:

Ability of body organs and systems to put forth 4 to 10 times as much effort as usual under stress

Mental Problems

• Depression

• Dementia

  • Parkisons

  • Alzheimers

  • Multi-infarct dementia

Alzhiemers

• Higher with age

• Forgetting, disorientation, personality change

Memory changes declines in?

• Working memory

• Reorganization or elaboration

• Episodic memory

• Encoding, storage, retrieval

Memory changes retain abillities in?

• Sensory memory

• Rehearsal

• Sematic memory

• Procedural memory

Measuring intelligence

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale

• Seattle Longitudinal Study

Changes: Information- Processing Declines:

• Abilities needed for complex new skills

• Ability to switch focus or attention

Changes: Information- Processing Improvements:

Skills that depend on habits and knowledge

Eriksons Ego Integrity vs Despair

• Final stage of life span

• Successful crisis resolution brings virtue of wisdom

Healthy adjustment Theories: Disengagement

• Decline in physical health brings social withdrawal

Healthy adjustment Theories: Activity

• is linked with life satisfaction

• Regarded as simplistic

Healthy adjustment Theories: Continuity Theory

• emphasizes people’s need to maintain a connection between the past and the present

• Enjoying similar activities throughout the lifespan

productivity

• plays a significant role in successful aging:

  • Higher self-rated happiness

  • Better physical functioning

  • Less chance of dying six years after self-report

SOC

Selective optimization with compensation

Social support helps older people:

• Maintain life satisfaction in the face of stress

• Maintain health and well-being

• Live longer

Social convoy theory

• Identify helpful social network members

• avoid unhelpful network members

Social emotional selectivity theory

• Older adults spend time with people who meet their emotional needs

Long term marriage

• High marital satisfaction

• Healthier and live longer

• Spousal caregiving

Widowhood and divorce

• Older women are more likely widowed

• Divorce late in life is rare

5% of men and 10% of women have never been married

True

Single life

Older cohabitors particulary women, tend to have lower income and no health insurance

Adult children

• high quality linked to good mental health

• mother daughter relationship especially close

more than 3 out of 4 older adults have at least one living sibling

TRUE

Siblings

• More companionship and emotional support

• Sisters are more especially vital in maintaining family relationships

Great grandparenthood

• tend to be less involved than grandparents

  • declining health

  • scattering of families

Most great-grandparents feel sense of

• family renewal

• longevity

Friendships late in adulthood

• intimacy is an important benefit

Living in place or alone

For those who can manage with minimal help

Living with children

Especially among African, asian, latin, and american cultures

living in institutions

for care of frail elderly; likelihood increases with age

components of successful aging

1. avoidance of disease or disability

2. maintenance of phsyical and cognitive function

3. active engagement in social activities

Cessation of:

heartbeat, breathing, and brain activity

Death can be postponed or accelerated

TRUE

Physical comfort, support from loved ones, accepted and adequate care

Good death

Sacrifices and rituals to help deceased join the afterlife, preservation via embalming

Ancient egypt

Family alter in home dedicated to deceased

Japan

never leave dying person alone to keep evil spirits from entering a dying body

Traditional Jewish customs

With better healthcare death become increasingly a phenomenon of late adulthood

TRUE

Death has become ___ and ____

Invisible and abstract

Hospice Care of Dying: Palliative care

• Relief of pain and suffering

• Allowing the patient to die in peace and dignity

Kubler Ross stages of dying: Denial

denouncing the prospect of death

Kubler Ross stages of dying: Anger

rage at unfairness of life

Kubler Ross stages of dying: Bargaining

efforts to make “deal” for more time

Kubler Ross stages of dying: Depression

sadness at loss of life

Kubler Ross stages of dying: acceptance

peace about death

The process of adjusting to the loss of someone

bereavement

the emotional response experienced in the early phase of bereavement

grief

Classic grief work model

1. shock and disbelief

2. Preoccupation with memory of dead person

3. resolution

Grieving patterns: Commonly expected

mourner goes from high to low distress

Grieving patterns: absent grief

mourner does not experience distress immediately or later

Grieving patterns: chronic grief

mourner remains distressed for a long time

Grieving patterns: resilience

Death is a natural process

Hasting death: Advance directive

durable power of attorney

Hasting death: Active euthanasia

Action taken directly to shorten like

Hasting death: Passive euthanaisa

withholding or discontinuing treatment