bacterio lab final

What type of cells are bacteria?

prokaryotic cells

What do prokaryotic cells lack?

nucleus

Where is the chromosome of a bacterial cell located?

nucleoid region

What are the additional genetic material of bacterial cells called?

plasmids

What is unique about plasmids?

replication is independent of chromosome replication and cell division

Where are antibiotic resistance genes carried in bacteria?

on plasmids

How are antibiotic resistance genes transferred within the microbial population?

transformation or conjugation (mediated via pili)

What are the bacteria cultures (BSL-1) used in microbiology labs?

opportunistic pathogen

What does opportunistic pathogen mean?

bacteria only cause disease if the host is immunocompromised due to chronic illness, viral infection, taking immunosuppressant drugs, or trauma

What are the natural habitats of BSL-1?

environment, human sin, oral cavity, or the large intestines

What are some examples of gram positive cocci?

Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis

Where is Micrococcus luteus found?

air, soil, human skin

What is the arrangement of Micrococcus luteus?

tetrad arrangement

What do Micrococcus luteus colonies grow on?

mustard yellow colonies on TSA or blood agars

What are Micrococcus luteus tolerant against?

high tolerance against UV radiation and petrol

What is the arrangement of Staphylococcus aureus?

grape like clusters

Where do Staphylococcus aureus live?

skin, hair, nose, and throat of humans and animals

What do Staphylococcus aureus cause?

skin and hair follicle infection, food poisoning, endocarditis, or toxic shock syndrome depending the exotoxin produced

What is the most common cause of community acquired bacterial skin infections in the US?

MSSA

What type of bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus?

facultative anaerobic

What arrangement is Streptococcus mitis?

chain like

Where is Streptococcus mitis typically found?

oral mucosa, oral pharynx, skin, intestinal, and GI system

What can Streptococcus mitis cause?

sore throat or bacterial endocarditis

What are some examples of gram positive bacilli?

Corynbacterium psudodiphthericum, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium

What arrangement type is Corynbacterium psudodiphthericum?

palisades

Where does Corynbacterium psudodiphthericum typically reside?

human upper respiratory tract

What type of bacteria is Corynbacterium psudodiphthericum?

probiotic bacterium that can cause opportunistic infections

What type of bacterial arrangement is Bacillus cereus?

endospore forming and chain like

Where is Bacillus cereus found?

soil and foods

What is Bacillus cereus the root cause of?

foodborne outbreaks associated with consumption of cooked rice, dairy, raw vegetables, spices, food crops

Where is Bacillus megaterium found?

rice paddies, dried food, seawater, sediments, fish, normal flora, bee honey

What are examples of gram negative cocci?

Neisseria lactamica and Moraxella cararrhalis

Where is Neisseria lactamica found?

nasopharynx of infants and children

What is Neisseria lactamica a causative agent for?

meningococcal meningitis

Where is Moraxella catarrhalis found?

nasopharynx

What is Moraxella catarrhalis associated with?

acute sinusitis and COPD among people with weaken immune system

Why is Moraxella catarrhalis a major pathogen?

prevalence of beta-lactamase producing strains

What is Moraxella catarrhalis responsible for?

respiratory tract infections and middle ear infections

What are examples of gram negative bacilli?

Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter clocae

Where is Escherichia coli found?

lower intestines

What family does Escherichia coli belong to?

Enterobacteriaceae

What is the most common disease associated with Escherichia coli?

nosocomial urinary tract infection

What is the most common strain of Escherichia coli and what is it associated with?

Shiga Toxin-producing E. coli that is associated with foodborne outbreaks

What family does Serratia marcescens belong to?

Enterobacteriaceae

Where is Serratia marcescens found?

in water and soil

What is Serratia marcescens carried by?

plants, animal, insects

What does Serratia marcescens produce?

a pink slimy substance in humid environments

What is Serratia marcescens associated with?

nosocomial infections such as urinary tract, skin, respiratory infections, meningitis and intracenous catheter-related infections

What type of bacteria is Enterobacter cloacae?

facultative anaerobe

What family does Enterobacter cloacae belong to?

Enterobacteriaceae

Where does Enterobacter cloacae reside?

water, sewage, soil, fruits, and vegetables

What is Enterobacter cloacae a part of?

part of the commensal microflora in the intestinal tracts of animals and humans

What is the bacterial cell wall made of?

peptidoglycan

What antibiotics are able to weaken the cell wall?

penicillin and cephalosporins

What are the ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

70s

What antibiotics interfere with the function of prokaryotic antibiotics?

tetracycline and erythromycin

What structure aids with the pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori?

flagella that helps to penetrate the mucus of the stomach lining

What structure aids with the pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

capsids to help it escape phagocytosis

What structure aids with the pathogenicity of E.coli?

fimbriae to attach to the epithelia of the intestines

What part of the bacteria confer the bacterial shape and provide protection against osmotic lysis?

bacterial cell wall

What is peptidoglycan?

a polymer of Beta-(1,4) linked NAG and NAM cross linked with short peptide

How are bacteria divided based on the cell wall?

gram positive (with lots of peptidoglycan) and gram negative (with not as much)

What endotoxin is present in the gram negative bacterial cell wall?

lipid A

What is the order of gram staining?

crystal violet (primary stain), iodine (mordant), alcohol (colorizer), safranin (counterstain)
rinse in between steps

What could occur if the slide was not heat fixed?

bacteria sample may be washed off during the staining process

What happened that would cause gram positive bacteria to appear both purple and pink?

ETOh washed too long

What happened that would cause gram negative bacteria to appear both purple and pink?

ETOH washed too short

What are the shapes of coccus bacteria?

-diplococci (cocci in pairs)
-neisseriae (coffee bean shape in pairs)
-tetrads (cocci in packets of 4)
-sarcine (cocci in packets)
-streptococci (cocci in chains)
-staphylococci (irregular clusters)

What are the shapes of bacillus bacteria?

-Streptobacilli (chains)
-coccobacilli (singles)
-mycobacterium
-corynebacteria (palisades arrangement)
-spore forming rods
-streptomycetes (mold like filamentous bacteria)

What are curved forms of bacteria?

-vibrios (curved rods)
-spirilla (spirillum)
-spirochete

How does light change when you increase the objective lens?

decrease

Why is immersion oil needed for a 100x lens?

most light is refracted and lost of you don't use the oil

What color is gram positive bacteria after gram staining?

purple

What color is gram negative bacteria after gram staining?

pink

What gram positive bacteria is diplococci?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What gram negative bacteria is diplococci?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

What gram positive bacteria is streptobacilli?

Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus megaterium

What bacteria is gram positive with palisade arrangement?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Which bacteria is a gram positive streptococci?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Which bacteria is a gram positive staphylococci?

Staphylococcus aureus

What influences bacterial arrangement

binary fission plane of division or cytoskeleton proteins

What is the name of the enzyme used in PCR?

Taq polymerase

What is PCR?

takes DNA sequence and amplifies it

What is RT-PCR?

created complementary DNA by using reverse transcriptase on RNA

What are deoxynucleotides?

hydroxyl at the 3' carbon

What are dideoxynucleotides?

hydrogen at 3' carbon

What is used in DNA sequencing?

deoxynucleotides and fluorescent dideoxynucleotides

What are the terminators in DNA sequencing?

dideoxynucleotides because the lack of a hydroxyl group means they are unable to form phosphodiester bonds

This sample was obtained from the stool of a patient with a normal temperature complaining of severe abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea.

Bacteria: Bartonella henselae which is Gram negative

This sample was obtained from the stool of a patient with a normal temperature complaining of severe abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea.

Bacteria: Escherichia coli which is Gram negative

This sample was obtained from the urine of a patient complaining of pain during urination and a discharge from the urethra.

Bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginesa which is Gram negative

This sample was obtained from the blood of a patient complaining of fever, headache, joint pain, constipation, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain.

Bacteria: Salmonella enterica which is Gram negatieve

This sample was obtained from the sputum of a patient complaining of chills, high fever, a cough with labored breathing and sputum with flecks of blood.

Bacteria: Yersinia pestis which is Gram negative

This sample was obtained from the stool of a child who has fever, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea.

Bacteria: Yersinia enterocolitica which is Gram negative

What virus caused the Spanish flu pandemic?

influenza A virus

Why was the Spanish flu such a serious health crisis?

it spread quickly and there were not many ways to treat it

What is the mortality rate for smallpox?

30%

What is variolation?

use of variola virus to infect a human, which then protects against smallpox

What is vaccination?

use of cowpox virus to protect against smallpox

When was the variola virus eradicated?

1979