Ap Euro Final

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82 Terms

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Renaissance artistic principles
Linear perspectives, space and depth, naturalistic realism, classical revival
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Humanism
Philosophy that celebrates human cultural achievements and emphasizes human reason and ethics.
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Civic humanism
humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society
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Girolamo Savonarola
took control of Florence from the Medici family
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New Monarchs
European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy.
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Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
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Habsburgs
A ruling dynasty of the HRE, one of the wealthiest landholders in the Empire originally from Austria
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Calvanists
believed God is all-powerful and good, in predestination, and in "visible saints". They broke from the Catholic Church in the 16th century
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Prussia
A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland
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The Act of Supremacy
In 1534 Henry VIII had Parliament pass this legislation making him the head of the Church of England
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Henry VIII
son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547 the one that had 6 wives lol
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Ivan the Terrible
first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war
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Individualism
a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.
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Oration on the Dignity of Man
Pico della Mirandola's book that portrays Plato's opinion on the limits of our senses
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Anabaptists
These were the "radicals" in Reformation in which someone would choose if they wanted to be baptized
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
wipes out protestantism, kills 7,000 people, france remains catholic 1572
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Huguenots
French Protestants influenced by John Calvin.
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Protestant Reformation
ā€¢ movement against Catholic indulgences

ā€¢ Martin Luther's 95 Theses \n 1517
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Peace of Westphalia
the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648
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Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)
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Divine Right
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
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Patrons of the Arts
People who supported the artists financially
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Elizabeth I
English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise 1558-1603
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Catholic Reformation
Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine. 16th century
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The Council of Trent
reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation. Q1545-1673
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James I of England
He believed in divine right and that rebellion was the worst of all crimes. (1549)
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Charles I
son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland
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El Greco
Greek painter sculptor and architect of the Spanish renaissance 1541 -1614 mannerism Spanish Renaissance Renaissance
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mannerism
a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance
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Oliver Cromwell
English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
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The Glorious Revolution
was the overthrow of James II by William III and Mary II 1688 bloodlessly
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The Dutch Republic
merchant oligarchy, religious tolerance, Dutch Golden Age, huge economic center
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Vasco da Gama
the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. Age of exploration
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The Fronde
series of civil wars that wanted to break the authority of the monarchy 1648-1653
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Palace of Versailles
A palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles
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Louis XIV
king of France from 1643 to 1715, absolute ruler, versaii, caused debt
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Edict of Fontainebleau
In 1540, this edict subjected all Huguenots to the Inquisition. Evoked edict of Nantes
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Jean Baptiste Colbert
This mercantilist economist was the financial advisor to Louis XIV
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William of Orange
Ruler of the Netherlands who led a revolt for independence against Hapsburg Philip II of Spain
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Royalists/Cavaliers
Those who remained loyal to Charles I during the English Civil War
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Parlimentarian
Those who remained loyal to parliment during English civil war
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The Edict of Nantes
This 1598 edict issued by Henry IV recognized the rights of France's Protestants
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Secularization
Indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration
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The Social Contract
Rousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system and modeled after the Greek polis.
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Agnosticism
Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists
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Suleiman the Magnificent
Great Ottoman leader, expanded land area of Ottomans, and restructured system of law. 1520-1566
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Scientific Method
A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem
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Utopian Socialists
France 1840's- called for an end in private property ownership
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Mercantilism
belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.
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Baroque Art
1600-1750, Art that applies naturalistic, REALIST styles and contrast with light and dark.
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Commercial Revolution
ā€¢ European economic change marked by guilds, banking, and capitalism
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Ignatius of Loyola
This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world
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English Bill of Rights
1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament
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Social Heirarchy
grouping people by wealth or importance, rank or class
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John Locke
believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property
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Two Treatises on Government
essay written by John Locke.
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Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
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Vindication of the Rights of Women
Book by Mary Wollstonecraft that said men and women should have equal rights
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Social Contract, french philosioher
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Thomas Hobbes
believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority, wrote leviathan
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Johannes Kepler
German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)
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Voltaire
French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778) wrote Candide
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free will vs determinism
do we freely choose our actions or is behavior caused by things outside our control?
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Natural Rights
Life, Liberty, and Property, by Locke
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Frederick the Great
king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, an enlightened despot
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Skepticism
A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain. Soubted the church
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Free Market Economy ( Capitalism)
The Basic economic questions are answered by having buyers and sellers make economic decisions. Gov doesnt interfere
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Romanticism
19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason til 1850
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Issac Newton
mathematician, made gravity laws and the laws of motion
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Blaise Pascal
French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist, wanted science and religion to be combined and showed why they appealed to each other
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Francis Bacon
developed the scientific method
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Tycho Brahe
Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct
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Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.
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The Wealth of Nations
written by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics
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Physiocrats
Enlightenment ECONOMIC reformers, asvocated for laizze farre and adam smith
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On Crimes and Punishments
Cesare Beccaria, wanted to demolish grusone and painful torture and public deaths
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Deism
the belief that god created the world and then left it to its own devices
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The Spirit of the Laws
Baron de Montesquieu
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Atheism
Believing that God does not exist
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Angelican
..., This was the Protestant church in England.
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Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
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The Englightenment
Philosophical movement that changed the way people thought (politics, religion, rights, etc). During the 17th and 18th century "the century of philosophy" deciding to use logic and reason to decide how a country should be organized. Influenced the French Revolution