Cell Organelles and Cell Transport (copy)

Cell Theory

1. All organisms are composed of cells

2. All cells come from pre-existing cells

3. The cell is the basic unit of life

what is the cell/plasma membrane

Phospholipid Bilayer

double layer Phospholipid molecules with hydropholic tails pointing inward and the hydrophilic heads facing outwards

Protein Molecules

1.Transport ions and molecules across the plasma membrane
2.Enzymes to carry out chemical reactions
3.Receptors for hormones

Cholesterol Molecules

found between phospholipids tails to prevent them from sticking together.

Carbohydrate Chain

1.Adhesion to other cells
Recognition of molecules at the membrane surface

Passive Transport

Movement of materials through the plasma membrane
Does not require energy
Ex: oxygen, carbon dioxide molecules, water, lipids

Diffusion

Form of passive transport
Movement of ions or soluble molecules that move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
High Concentration- a lot of molecules in a smaller area
Low Concentration- molecules are very spread out
Diffusion results from the random movement of molecules

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through the plasma membrane, or any semipermeable membrane
Ex: vacuoles
Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
Solute- the substance that gets dissolved
Ex: sugar water- sugar is the solute

Facilitated Diffusion

A type of passive transport
No energy required
Passage of molecules and ions bound to specific carrier proteins, across the membrane, down their concentration gradients
Carrier Protein:
a. Protein responsible for transporting specific substances through the cell membrane
b. Fixed and part of the membrane
Move down the concentration gradient- high to low
Sugar and Amino Acids move this way
a. Too big to move directly through the membrane
Active Transport

Active Transport

Movement of materials AGAINST a concentration gradient
a.Low solute concentration to high solute concentration
-ENERGY REQUIRED!!!

Endocytosis

Materials are ingested by the cell
The membrane forms a vesicle around the material ingested

Exocytosis

How bulky particles or large molecules are transported out of a cell
Vesicle binds with the plasma membrane and the particle is pushed out

Fluid Mosaic Model

what makes up the plasma membrane, A model of cell membrane structure representing the dynamic nature of membrane lipids and proteins

Prokaryotes

Cell membranes and cell wall
No real Nucleus- just a large circular molecules of DNA
Smaller cells

Eukaryotes

Cell membrane and some have cell wall
True Nucleus- DNA found within a nuclear envelope
Larger cells

Cell Wall

Only found in plant cells
Made up of the polysaccharide cellulose

Nucleus

Carrier of heredity information
Surrounded by the nuclear envelope/ contain nuclear pores
Monitors the cell- ensures that the complex molecules that the cell requires are synthesized

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus ribosomes are constructed here

Cytoplasm

the substance that fills the cell, a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cytosol

Solution of ions, small molecules and proteins, the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm

Homeostasis

Balanced and stable internal environment, process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Regulation

Control and coordination of various activities ex: Nucleus

Cytoskeleton

Anchors the organelles, network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Organelles

Membrane bound compartments

Ribosomes

Small organelles for protein synthesis
The can be attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum or free floating

Golgi body

Looks like stacks of flattened sacs
It's the packing and distribution center
Packages, modifies, and transports proteins to be sent out to other parts of the cell

Vesicles

The Golgi body produces this organelle
A little sac that carries products to the plasma membrane

Vacuoles

Filled with water and solutes
It's a supporting element
Much larger in plant cells
Contains waste products

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell
Site of cellular respiration
1. Converting energy from organic molecules into useful energy for cell
Has an oblong shape

Nutrition

Nutrients the cell needs for other functions

Excretion

Removal of cellular waste products

Growth

Utilizes the products of synthesis and requires energy

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

WITHOUT ribosomes
Used for lipid synthesis, detoxification, and makes hormones

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

WITH ribosomes
Used for protein synthesis, and transport of proteins & other materials throughout the cell

Lysosomes

The organelle that contains digestive enzymes to break down or digest organic compounds and old worn out organelles

Centrioles

Only in animal cells
Most active during cell division
Produce special fibers to pull chromosomes to opposite ends of cell

Cilia/Flagellum

Found on the outside of cells
Locomotive purposes in single celled organisms (movement)

Chloroplast

Only found in plant cells
Site of photosynthesis

Transport

Absorption and distribution of materials with an organism

Synthesis

Large molecules built from smaller ones (ex: building proteins)

when water moves into a cell because the solute is greater inside the cell

hypotonic

when water moves randomly in/out of the cell

isotonic

when water moves from the inside of the cell outside due to a higher solute concentration outside the cell.

hypertonic