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By 1775, how many lived in the colonies.

By 1775, 2.5 million people inhabited the thirteen

colonies, of whom about half a million were black.

What % of people lived in rural areas?

About 90 percent of the people lived in rural areas.

Most populous colonies?

The most populous colonies in 1775 were Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Maryland—in that order.

Germans were what % of population? Why did they come?

Heavy-accented Germans constituted about 6 percent of the total population, or 150,000, by 1775.

Fleeing religious persecution, economic oppression, and the ravages of war, they had flocked to America in the early 1700s and had settled chiefly in

percent of the total population, or 150,000, by 1775.

Fleeing religious persecution, economic oppression,

and the ravages of war, they had flocked to

America in the early 1700s and had settled chiefly in

Pennsylvania.

What religion were the Germans? What % of Pennsylvania's population did they constitute?

They belonged to several different Protestant sects—primarily Lutheran—and thus further enhanced the religious diversity of the colony. 1/3 of the colony's population.

Scott's were what % of population?

1775 numbered about 175,000, or 7 percent of the population

How was the economic life of the Scots-Irish severely hampered?

The economic life of the Scots-Irish was severely hampered, especially when the English government placed burdensome restrictions on their production of linens and woolens.

Attributes of the Scots-Irish?

Already experienced colonizers and agitators

in Ireland, the Scots-Irish proved to be superb

frontiersmen, though their readiness to visit violence

on the Indians repeatedly inflamed the western

districts.

Where were Scots-Irish settlements located?

Hugged the eastern Appalachian foothills from Pennsylvania to Georgia.

Who led the armed march of the Paxton Boys on Philadelphia in 1764?

The Scots-Irish led the armed march of the Paxton Boys on Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy toward the Indians, and a few years later spearheaded the Regulator movement in North Carolina, a small but nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affairs.

What % of population consisted of other Europe groups?

Approximately 5 percent of the multicolored

colonial population consisted of other European

groups. These embraced French Huguenots, Welsh,

Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, and Scots Highlanders—

as distinguished from the Scots-Irish.

Largest single non-English group?

By far the largest single non-English group was African,

accounting for nearly 20 percent of the colonial population

in 1775 and heavily concentrated in the South.

Which colonies showed the least ethnic diversity? The most?

The South, holding about 90 percent of the slaves, already displayed its historic black-and-white racial composition.

New England, mostly staked out by the original

Puritan migrants, showed the least ethnic diversity.

Examples of equality in the New World?

No titled nobility dominated society from on

high, and no pauperized underclass threatened it

from below. Most white Americans, and even some

free blacks, were small farmers. Clad in buckskin

breeches, they owned modest holdings and tilled

them with their own hands and horses. The cities

contained a small class of skilled artisans, with their

well-greased leather aprons, as well as a few shopkeepers

and tradespeople, and a handful of

unskilled casual laborers.

Who laid the foundations of their fortunes with profits made as military suppliers?

The gods of war contributed to these developments. The armed conflicts of the 1690s and early 1700s had enriched a

number of merchant princes in the New England and middle colonies. They laid the foundations of their fortunes with profits made as military suppliers.

Examples of inequality in the New World?

By midcentury the richest 10 percent of Bostonians and

Philadelphians owned nearly two-thirds of the taxable

wealth in their cities.

Why did the descendants of the original settlers face more limited prospects than had their pioneering forebears (in the NE countryside)?

As the supply of unclaimed soil dwindled and families

grew, existing landholdings were repeatedly subdivided. The average size of farms shrank drastically. Younger sons, as well as daughters, were forced to hire out as wage laborers, or eventually to seek virgin tracts of land beyond the Alleghenies.

What profession was most honored in the New World? How about physicians?

Most honored of the professions was the Christian

ministry. In 1775 the clergy wielded less influence

than in the early days of Massachusetts, when piety

had burned more warmly. But they still occupied a

position of high prestige. Most physicians, on the other hand, were poorly trained and not highly esteemed. Not until 1765 was the first medical school established, although European centers attracted some students.

Horrible diseases the colonists faced?

Smallpox and Diphtheria.

Where lawyers regarded as good people?

Nope.

What was the leading industry of the colonies? Staple crops?

Agriculture was the leading industry, involving

about 90 percent of the people. Tobacco continued

to be the staple crop in Maryland and Virginia,

though wheat cultivation also spread through the

Chesapeake, often on lands depleted by the overgrowth

of tobacco.

What else what HUGE for the colonies?

A bustling commerce, both coastwise and overseas,

enriched all the colonies, especially the New

England group, New York, and Pennsylvania.

Examples of things that were manufactured in the New World?

Handsome beaver hats were manufactured

in quantity, despite British restrictions.

Smoking iron forges, including Pennsylvania's Valley

Forge, likewise dotted the land and in fact were

more numerous in 1775, though generally smaller,

than those of England.

Most important manufacturing activity?

Lumbering was perhaps the most important

single manufacturing activity.

European and Colonist trade disbalance?

Americans held an important flank of a thriving,

many-sided Atlantic economy by the dawn of the

eighteenth century. Yet strains appeared in this complex

network as early as the 1730s. Fast-breeding

Americans demanded more and more British products—

yet the slow-growing British population early

reached the saturation point for absorbing imports

from America.

How could the colonists sell the goods to make

the money to buy what they wanted in Britain?

The answer was obvious: by seeking foreign (non-

British) markets.

Molasses Act?

Britain. But in 1733, bowing to pressure

from influential British West Indian planters, Parliament

passed the Molasses Act, aimed at squelching

North American trade with the French West Indies.

If successful, this scheme would have struck a crippling

blow to American international trade and to

the colonists' standard of living. American merchants

responded to the act by bribing and smuggling

their way around the law.

How were the roads in the colonies?

Shit.

What what eventually became established on these roads and in cities? Why were these "things" so relevant?

Taverns. Taverns were important in crystallizing public

opinion and proved to be hotbeds of agitation as the

Revolutionary movement gathered momentum.

Two "established," or tax-supported, churches were

conspicuous in 1775?

Anglican and Congregational.

What became a "neo-trinity"?

Presbyterianism, Congregationalism, and rebellion became a neo-trinity.

How was religion in general like in the colonies?

In all the colonial churches, religion was less fervid

in the early eighteenth century than it had been a