WVU Chem 115 Final Exam

Chlorate

ClO₃⁻

Chlorite

ClO₂⁻

Phosphate

PO₄³⁻

Phosphite

PO₃³⁻

Carbonate

CO₃²⁻

Nitrate

NO₃⁻

Nitrite

NO₂⁻

Permanganate

MnO₄⁻

Perchlorate

ClO₄⁻

Ammonium

NH₄⁺

Ammonia

NH₃

Periodic Trends: Atomic Radii

Remember:

Zeff = Zactual-Electron Shielding

Greater Zeff --> Smaller Atomic Radii

Gets bigger as you go down and to the left

Periodic Trends: Electronegativity

Exception to trend --> Noble Gases (EN=0)

Periodic Trends: Ionization Energy

Periodic Trends: Electron Affinity

What are the 7 Strong Acids?

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HClO₄, HClO₃

What are the Strong Bases?

Group 1A Metal Hydroxides, Ca(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, Ba(OH)₂

What is a strong electrolyte?

Strong Acids, Strong Bases & Soluble Ionic Compounds

What is a non-electrolyte?

Organic Compounds, Weak Acids, Weak Bases

What is the sign for an endothermic reaction and where does heat go?

Positive Sign (+), Heat goes out of system

What is the sign for an exothermic reaction and where does heat go?

Negative Sign (-), Heat goes into system

What is the formula for Kinetic Energy?

KE= (1/2)mv² (JOULES)

mass --> kg

velocity --> m²/s²

What is the calorimetry equation where you use moles and the coefficient?

Hrxn= (grams * coefficient)/(# moles)

What is the Nonmetal Activity Series?

F>O>Cl>Br>I>S

What is the 1st Solubility Rule?

All compounds with group 1A and NH₄⁺ metals are soluble

What is the 2nd Solubility Rule?

All ionic compounds that contain Nitrate/ite, Perchlorate/chlorate, acetate, or bicarbonate are soluble

What is the 3rd Solubility Rule?

Ionic compounds that contain Cl, Br, CN and I are soluble UNLESS combined with Ag, Hg, Pb

What is the 4th Solubility Rule?

Ionic compounds that contain Sulfate/ite are soluble unless combined with Ag, Hg, Pb, Ca, Ba, Sr

What is the 5th Solubility Rule?

Most ionic compounds that contain phosphate, carbonate, hydroxide, sulfide, oxide, chromate, dichromate and fluoride are INSOLUBLE unless paired with Group 1A metals or NH₄⁺

Acetate

C₂H₃O₂⁻ OR CH₃COO⁻

Giga

1.0x10⁹

Mega

1.0x10⁶

Kilo

1.0x10³

Deci

1.0x10⁻¹

Centi

1.0x10⁻²

Milli

1.0x10⁻³

Micro

1.0x10⁻⁶

Nano

1.0x10⁻⁹

Pico

1.0x10⁻¹²

Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion

C= (F-32)/1.8

Heat Equation

q=mc∆T

Density

Density=mass/volume

1cm³ equals what

1ml

How do you calculate number of protons, neutrons & electrons for an atom?

Electrons --> Equal to Protons in a NEUTRAL ATOM

Protons --> Atomic Number

Neutrons --> Atomic Mass - Atomic Number

Covalent bonds are formed between..

two nonmetals

Ionic bonds are formed between..

one nonmetal and one metal

Sulfate

SO₄⁻

Sulfite

SO₃⁻

Thiosulfate

S₂O₃²⁻

Peroxide

O₂²⁻

What atoms form diatoms?

H, N, O, F, Cl, I, Br

What is a binary acid?

An acid that contains an H and one other element

What is an oxyacid?

An acid that contains H, O and one other element

Naming Binary Acids

Hydro- prefix

Roof of Nonmetal for the middle of the name

Add -ic suffix

Naming Oxyacids

hypo- & -ous --> Oxyacid with least oxygens

-ous

-ic

per- & -ic --> Oxyacid with the most oxygens

"ous" =

"ite"

"ic" =

"ate"

How do you know if you need to complete a limiting recent calculation?

You will see amounts for each reactant

What is the formula for percent yield?

% yield = actual/theoretical

What are the steps to the empirical formula?

1. Go from grams to moles

2. Divide by lowest number of Moles

3. Multiply entire compound to get to whole number

M₁V₁=M₂V₂

only use when dealing with the same compound

2 Concentration & 1 Volume

1 Concentration & 2 Volumes

Solution Stoichiometry

Titration

Energy equation

∆E=q+w

(heat + work)

I calorie = how many Joules

4.184

Work Equation

w=-P∆V

P--> atm

V --> L

When given bonds how do you find Hrxn?

Reactants-Products

When given compounds how do you find Hrxn?

Products-Reactants

What is the light spectrum in order of least harmful to most?

Radio, Micro, Infrared, Visible, UV, X-Ray, Gamma

As Frequency Increases, Wavelength & Energy..

Wavelength --> Decreases

Energy --> Increses

What is the equation relating wavelength and frequency?

speed of light = wavelength(λ) x frequency(v)

What is the Light energy equation

Energy (J) = h x frequency(v)

h = planks constant

What is the Balmer-Rydberg Equation

(1/λ)=R*(1/m²-1/n²)

m=1 --> Lyman Series (UV)

m=2 --> Balmer Series (Visible)

m=3 --> Paschen Series (IR)

(m²= initial; n²=final)

What defines Paramagnatism?

Substances that have unpaired electrons

What defines Diamagnetism?

Substances with NO unpaired electrons

What is the formal charge equation?

Formal Charge = VE- 1/2 BE - LPE

If ∆Electronegativy = 0 ..

Non-Polar Covalent

If ∆Electronegativity < 2

Polar Covalent

What is the gas equation?

PV=nRT

p = pressure

v = volume

n = amount of substance

r = ideal gas constant

t = temperature

What is a Sigma (δ) bond?

All single bonds are sigma bonds

What is a Pi (π) bond?

Found in double and triple bonds

1 mol of any gas =?

22.4 L STP

1 torr = mm hg?

1 mm hg

1 atm= psi?

14.7

1 atm= Pa?

101325

1 bar=Pa?

1X10^5 Pa

Balmer-Rydberg Constant (R)

1.097x10⁻²