APUSH Federalist Period- Unit 3

AP United States history

Annapolis Convention

March 1785- small group of men meet at Mt Vernon to discuss conflicting claims on Chesapeake Bay; decided the Articles of Confederation were not working

The Convention: Confederation Congress

May 25, 1787; 55 delegates from 12 states agreed it would not be enough to revise the Articles and instead set out to write a new Constitution and create a new government

Founding Fathers

Sept 1787; they proposed a new Constitution to the states, 7 were state governors, 39 attended Constitutional Convention, wanted the US to become a nation of equal power to the rest of the world

Why was the Constitution written?

England refused to recognize the US as a nation, France would not loan money because the Confederation had a history of bad credit, virtually no one took them seriously as a country

Diego de Gardoqui

Spanish Diplomat who played on commercial interest of northern ships

Gardoqui Treaty

1784- Spanish would trade with American ships if Congress gave up control of Mississippi River for 25 years; did not pass. If it had, the South would go their own ways

Ethan Allen and Levi Allen

Led independent commonwealth of Green Mountain country (Vermont), who attempted to make a treaty that would tie the region towards Canada rather than the US.

Confederation

Alliance of states formed to coordinate their defense and relation with foreign govt. Interested in principles of freedom; not order

Why did the Articles of Confederation not work? (rule of 3)

1. no executive or federal enforcement of law

2. only a Congress for legislative branch

3. could not tax

First Amendment

Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, Assembly, and Petition

Second Amendment

Right to bear arms and serve in a militia

Third Amendment

Government cannot quarter military troops in citizens’ homes (response to British Quartering Act)

Fourth Amendment

No unreasonable search and siezure

Fifth Amendment

1. Grand Jury

2. Self-Incrimination

3. Due Process

4. Double Jeopardy

5. Eminent Domain

Sixth Amendment

1. Attorney

2. Question Witnesses

3. Speedy Trial

4. Held in same area as crime

5. Informed of charges

Seventh Amendment

jury trial in civil cases

Eighth Amendment

no excessive bail/fine, no cruel and unusual punishment

Ninth Amendment

Citizens have rights not listed in Constitution

Tenth Amendment

Powers that don’t belong to the federal govt belong to the States, and then to the people

3/5 compromise

For every 5 slaves, 3 would be counted in the population; which determines representation in the House of Representatives.

Impeachment

If a federal employee is accused of misconduct, they can be taken to trial, where they may be punished by removal from office, fine, or arrest

Impeachment- Congress

Brings forth charges by majority vote, acts as persecution

Impeachment- Senate

acts as jury

Impeachment- Chief Justice

acts as the judge in impeachment trial

Article 1 of Constitution

legislative branch: make laws

Article 3 of Constitution

Judicial branch: Interprets lawsA

Article 2 of Constitution

Executive: enforces laws

Article 4

relationship between federal government and states

Article 5

Amending the Constitution

Article 6

Supremacy clause: Constitution is supreme law of the land and States cannot contradict its laws

Article 7

Ratification Process to take effect: 9/13 colonies must sign to ratify

11th Amendment

Removed cases in which a state was sued without its consent from the Jurisdiction of the federal courts.

12th Amendment

Required Presidential electors to vote separately from POTUS and VP

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

14th Amendment

grants citizenship to all born in US, prohibits states from depriving persons of their natural rights without due process, everyone has equal protection under the law

15th Amendment

All men can vote

18th Amendment

Prohibited making, selling and consuming alcohol

19th Amendment

Grants women’s suffrage

20th Amendment

Moved Presidential inauguration day to Jan 20, set Jan 3 as the opening of a new Congress

21st Amendment

undid Prohibition act

22nd Amendment

Limited President 2 terms in office- max. 10 years minus one day can be served

23rd Amendment

Granted DC citizens the right to vote in presidential elections

24th Amendment

Forbade poll tax in federal elections

25th Amendment

Designated process of succession in the event of death or incapacity of the President

26th Amendment

Voting age to 18

27th Amendment

Banned Congress from increasing its members’ salaries until after the election

16th Amendment

Gave Congress power to levy an income tax

17th Amendment

US Senators are elected by direct popular vote instead of state legislatures

Barbary States of North Africa

We were formerly protected from them by the British flag, but started being attacked by pirates shortly after gaining independence.

Shays’ Rebellion

Daniel Shay leads a rebellion protesting state taxes with an army of 2000. Scares elected officials into ratifying Constitution due to a need for order in the colonies.

Implied Powers

Powers that are not directly specified in the Constitution; allowed Hamilton to create the national bank

Electoral College

538 votes- combined # of State Reps and Senators, in addition to 2 votes for DC. Used to elect President and Vice President, Jefferson believed the average American was not intelligent enough to know who they truly wanted

Connecticut Compromise

proposes bicameral legislature: one house has representatives according to population in the state and one house has two representatives per state

George Washington

elected unanimously; committed to the idea of mixed govt with checks and balances. If not for his philosophies he could easily be crowned as a king. Respected by foreigners and Americans alike

Edmund Randolph

first attorney general, anti-federalist. By selecting for his cabinet, Washington bridged the federalists and anti-federalists

Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of State- recognized as spokesman for democratically inclined farmers who were suspicious of the new govt

Henry Knox

Secretary of war- represented continuity of the Confederation in the new govt

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of the Treasury- most important member as the new govt worked out financial issues

Hamilton’s Policies (rule of 3)

1. National Bank

2. Tariffs

3. Assumption of debt

Judicial Review

The right of the Supreme Court to overturn laws of the Legislative Brand declaring them to be Unconstitutional and Null and Void.

Washington’s Farewell Address

1. No entangling alliances

2. No political parties

3. No sectionalism

French Revolution

1789- Inspired by the Americans, the French began to fight for values of equality, liberty, and fraternity. Washington and his cabinet became concerned when they spoke of eradicating all social distinctions and priveleges

Jacobin

French radicals during the revolution who guillotined and drowned thousands of nobles.

Robespierre

French dictator who launched a campaign to wipe out religion in France

Cut Throats

Americans who supported the French Revolution, later called Jefferson’s Democratic Republicans. Mostly made up of urban workers, back country farmers who disliked institutionalized religion, and Southern farmers who resented Hamilton’s plan

Anglomen

Conservatives such as Washington, Hamilton, and John Adams. Later referred to as Federalists, who still believed in a strong central government because it benefitted business.

Why was the alliance with France invalid? Why didn’t we have their back in the war?

The alliance the US had was with the French government; without the French government, there’s no obligation to protect the from Great Britain (our strongest trading partner)

Jay’s Treaty

American treaty proclaiming neutrality and peace with Britain, British would evacuate Western forts, navigate the Mississippi, compensate American ship owners for vessels seized in West Indies, did not address impressment

Edmund Charles Genet

French ambassador who comes to Charlestown, begins to commission Americans as French privateers to capture British merchants. Attempts to organize an invasion of Spanish Louisiana. Outraged Washington, who agrees to give him asylum from France so long as he stops his campaigns

Rule of 1756

Prohibits neutral countries from trading in enemy ports they were not trading in before the war; results in American merchants being captured by English, and allowed British captains to remove sailors whom he thought to be British

Treaty of San Lorenzo

Spain agrees to the American version of the US/LA boundary,