2 - Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

- gives the body energy

- the best source of fuel for the body

Liver

- where extra carbohydrates is stored when we eat more than needed for energy

Fat

- extra carbohydrates that are stored in tissues as this

Monosaccharides

- simplest sugars

Disaccharides

- made of two monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

- three or more monosaccharides

Starch

- used for storage in plants

- provide quick form of energy for the body

Glycogen

- used for energy storage in animals

- when the body doesn’t need glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles in this form

Cellulose

- found in plants, cell walls, and tree barks

- gives us fibers

Chitin

- forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans

Iodine Test

- test to see if there is starch in food-

Brown/Yellow

- negative result in Iodine test

- starch is absent

Blue/Purple

- positive result in Iodine test

- starch is present

Benedict’s Test

- test for levels of reducing sugar

Lipids

- biomolecules that contain hydrophobic structures that are not soluble in water; not formed through polymerization

Lipos

- Greek word meaning ‘fat’ where the word Lipid was derived from

Triglycerides

- formed by three fatty acids

Fatty Acids

- consist of long hydrophobic nonpolar ‘tail’ and hydrophilic polar ‘head’

Saturated Fats (Palmitic Acid)

- contain only single bonds in the fatty acid chain

- solid at room temperature

• found in animal fats (pork, beef) and butter, lard, cream cheese, and processed food

Unsaturated Fats (Oleic Acid)

- mostly known as oils; contain one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain

Trans Fat

- may be produced artificially through the process of hydrogenation

Good Cholesterol

- high density Lipoprotein

- even in excess, it’s only transported back and forth through our arteries

Bad Cholesterol

- low density Lipoprotein

- in excess, it could clog our veins and arteries, causing strokes, heart attacks, or death

Steroids

- simple lipids that have a backbone structure consisting of four fused carbon rings

- cholesterol belongs to this group

Cortisol

- mainly regulates the body’s response to stress

- steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glandsW

Waxes

- are esters (carboxylic derivatives), combined from certain alcohol and fatty acids, and are extremely hydrophobic

Proteins

- large group of biomolecules that consists of long chains of building block molecules called Amino Acids

Amino Acids

- building blocks that make protein

Proteios

- Greek word meaning ‘of first importance’ where the word protein is derived from

Fibrous Proteins

- main structural components of the body; not water soluble

• collagen, actin, keratin

Globular Proteins

- mainly used for nonstructural purposes; water soluble

• albumin, hemoglobin, immunoglobin

Primary Structure

- amino acid sequence; the arrangement/order of amino acids in the protein chainS

Secondary Structure

- regular sub-structures; the molecular shape assumed by the chain as a result of hydrogen bonding

Tertiary Structure

- amino acid chain folds itself in three-dimensional shape

- the interactions primarily between the R groups cause the folding and bending of the polypeptide chain

Quaternary Structure

- complex of protein molecules

- the arrangement of two or more interacting polypeptide chains

Peptide Bond

- bonds amino acids

Dietary Protein

- provides essential amino acids

Proteolysis

- process that breaks down protein when the food (chain of amino acids) goes to the stomach and it all clumps together and forms a protein

Pepsin

- breaks down the whole amino acids; made by gastric chief cells (digestive enzymes)

Digestive Enzymes

- enzymes made by the pancreas

Oligopeptide Chain

- is made after the breakdown of proteins and goes to theD duodenum

Daily Protein Requirements

- minimum amount of protein to avoid a progressive nitrogen loss

Nucleic Acid

- naturally occurring chemical compound that serves as the primary information carrying molecule in cell and make up genetic material

- made up of a long chain of nucleotides

Nucleotides

- made up of three parts: nitrogen-containing base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

Nucleoside

- a base and a sugar

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

- double-stranded sugar(deoxyribose)phosphate; base pair

Deoxyribose

- deoxygenated sugar

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

- usually single-stranded sugar(ribose)phosphate

- single nucleobase

Ribose

- oxygenated sugar

DNA Replication

- process of creating two replicas of one original DNA molecule

- the basis of genetic inheritance