2 - Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

\- gives the body energy

\- the best source of fuel for the body

Liver

\- where extra carbohydrates is stored when we eat more than needed for energy

Fat

\- extra carbohydrates that are stored in tissues as this

Monosaccharides

\- simplest sugars

Disaccharides

\- made of two monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

\- three or more monosaccharides

Starch

\- used for storage in plants

\- provide quick form of energy for the body

Glycogen

\- used for energy storage in animals

\- when the body doesn’t need glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles in this form

Cellulose

\- found in plants, cell walls, and tree barks

\- gives us fibers

Chitin

\- forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans

Iodine Test

\- test to see if there is starch in food-

Brown/Yellow

\- negative result in Iodine test

\- starch is absent

Blue/Purple

\- positive result in Iodine test

\- starch is present

Benedict’s Test

\- test for levels of reducing sugar

Lipids

\- biomolecules that contain hydrophobic structures that are not soluble in water; not formed through polymerization

Lipos

\- Greek word meaning ‘fat’ where the word Lipid was derived from

Triglycerides

\- formed by three fatty acids

Fatty Acids

\- consist of long hydrophobic nonpolar ‘tail’ and hydrophilic polar ‘head’

Saturated Fats (Palmitic Acid)

\- contain only single bonds in the fatty acid chain

\- solid at room temperature

• found in animal fats (pork, beef) and butter, lard, cream cheese, and processed food

Unsaturated Fats (Oleic Acid)

\- mostly known as oils; contain one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain

Trans Fat

\- may be produced artificially through the process of hydrogenation

Good Cholesterol

\- high density Lipoprotein

\- even in excess, it’s only transported back and forth through our arteries

Bad Cholesterol

\- low density Lipoprotein

\- in excess, it could clog our veins and arteries, causing strokes, heart attacks, or death

Steroids

\- simple lipids that have a backbone structure consisting of four fused carbon rings

\- cholesterol belongs to this group

Cortisol

\- mainly regulates the body’s response to stress

\- steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glandsW

Waxes

\- are esters (carboxylic derivatives), combined from certain alcohol and fatty acids, and are extremely hydrophobic

Proteins

\- large group of biomolecules that consists of long chains of building block molecules called Amino Acids

Amino Acids

\- building blocks that make protein

Proteios

\- Greek word meaning ‘of first importance’ where the word protein is derived from

Fibrous Proteins

\- main structural components of the body; not water soluble

• collagen, actin, keratin

Globular Proteins

\- mainly used for nonstructural purposes; water soluble

• albumin, hemoglobin, immunoglobin

Primary Structure

\- amino acid sequence; the arrangement/order of amino acids in the protein chainS

Secondary Structure

\- regular sub-structures; the molecular shape assumed by the chain as a result of hydrogen bonding

Tertiary Structure

\- amino acid chain folds itself in three-dimensional shape

\- the interactions primarily between the R groups cause the folding and bending of the polypeptide chain

Quaternary Structure

\- complex of protein molecules

\- the arrangement of two or more interacting polypeptide chains

Peptide Bond

\- bonds amino acids

Dietary Protein

\- provides essential amino acids

Proteolysis

\- process that breaks down protein when the food (chain of amino acids) goes to the stomach and it all clumps together and forms a protein

Pepsin

\- breaks down the whole amino acids; made by gastric chief cells (digestive enzymes)

Digestive Enzymes

\- enzymes made by the pancreas

Oligopeptide Chain

\- is made after the breakdown of proteins and goes to theD duodenum

Daily Protein Requirements

\- minimum amount of protein to avoid a progressive nitrogen loss

Nucleic Acid

\- naturally occurring chemical compound that serves as the primary information carrying molecule in cell and make up genetic material

\- made up of a long chain of nucleotides

Nucleotides

\- made up of three parts: nitrogen-containing base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

Nucleoside

\- a base and a sugar

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

\- double-stranded sugar(deoxyribose)phosphate; base pair

Deoxyribose

\- deoxygenated sugar

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

\- usually single-stranded sugar(ribose)phosphate

\- single nucleobase

Ribose

\- oxygenated sugar

DNA Replication

\- process of creating two replicas of one original DNA molecule

\- the basis of genetic inheritance