phonetics exam 1

prevocalic

any consonant sound before the first vowel sound

postvocalic

any consonant sound after the last consonant sound

intervocalic

any consonant sound in between the first and last vowel sounds

innervation, respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation

5 processes of communication

cns - brain and spinal cord

pns - cranial/spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system

structures of innervation

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

lobes of the brain

corpus collossum

divides the hemispheres of the cerebrum

oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm

structures of respiration

larynx

the only structure of phonation

prevents substances from entering the trachea, aids in coughing, builds subglottic pressure, aids in speech production

4 purposes of the larynx

1) vocal folds come together

2) the adducted folds build up pressure in trachea

3) the folds are forced apart, air escapes and sound is created

4) these steps occur over and over because the folds are elastic

how does phonation occur

pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx

structures of resonation

resonation

what is defined as the process of reinforcement and amplification of sound, selection and emphasis of groups of overtones, and the enrichment of sound

tongue, teeth, lips, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, mandible, glottis

structures of articulation

change the size/shape of the mouth for resonating vowels and produce consonants

what are the articulators used to do

phonology

the sound system of a language, consists of consonants and vowels

a vowel sound alone or a vowel sound that precede or follow it

a syllable can be…

nucleus

the vowel is considered the ___ of the syllable

phone

speech sound

phoneme

a sound in a word that can differentiate meaning

minimal pairs

2 words that differ by one phoneme like cat and hat

allophones

variations in which a phoneme may be produced without changing meaning

phonotactic constraints

rules for allowable combinations of sounds in a language

dialect

varity of a language that is shared by a group of speakers

accent

specific way individuals pronounce words based on a national or regional tendency

idiolect

unique characteristics of an individual’s speech created by their anatomy as well as personal experiences with language

open, closed, simple, complex

types of syllables

open syllable

syllable that ends with a vowel sound

closed syllable

syllable that ends with a consonant sound

simple syllable

syllable that contains no consonants or only singleton consonants

complex syllable

syllable that contains at least one consonant sequence

onset

consonant in a syllable that comes before the nucleus

coda

consonant in a syllable that comes after the nucleus

phonation - the production of a sound

resonation - the reinforcement and amplification of a sound

phonation v. respiration

i

goes “ee”

I

goes “ih”

e

goes “ay”

ɛ

goes “eh”

æ

goes “ah”

u

goes “oo”

ʊ

goes “uh” like in hook, would, looked

o

goes “oh”

a

goes “ah” like bond, tops, knocks

ɔ

goes “ah” like all, lost, pawn

ʌ

“uh” stressed

ə

“uh” unstressed

ɝ

“er” stressed

ɚ

“er” unstressed

aɪ

“eye” sound

aʊ

“cow” sound

ɔɪ

“toy” sound

ɑɚ

“are” sound

ɪɚ

“ear” sound

ɛɚ

“air” sound

ɔɚ

“or” sound

ʊɚ

“ure” sound