11.4 What affects life expectancy

Epidemiological Transition

Theory on population changes post-development.

Health Inequalities

Systematic health differences across social groups.

Wider Determinants of Health

Social, economic, and environmental health factors.

Pestilence and Famine Stage

Epidemiological transition 1rst stage

High mortality from infectious diseases and malnutrition.

Receding Pandemics Stage

Epidemiological transition 2nd stage

Reduction in infectious disease mortality rates.

Degenerative & Man-Made Disease Stage

Epidemiological transition 3rd stage

Increase in non-communicable diseases prevalence.

Epidemiological transition 4th stage

Declining CVD Mortality Stage, ageing and emerging diseases

Epidemiological transition 5th stage

Aspired quality of life stage with persisting health inequalities

Social Gradient in Life Expectancy

Variation in life expectancy by social class.

National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification

Classification of occupations by social status.

Public Health England Fingertips

Resource for health data in England.

Dahlgren and Whitehead Model

Framework illustrating social, economic and environmental factors that impact people’s health

Life Expectancy Data Source

Office for National Statistics provides life expectancy data.

Factors Affecting Individuals

Diet,  stress, upbringing, behaviour, culture, SES,  genetics, geographical, access to healthcare, lifestyle (alcohol, smoking etc.), disabilities, diseases, gender, age

Factors Affecting Populations

Collective influences on community life expectancy.

Life Expectancy by Income

Correlation between income levels and life expectancy.

Health Outcomes

Results of health interventions and conditions.

Health inequalities

systemic difference in patterns of health and diseases across social groups