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Flashcards for Year 9 Health Body Systems Review
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What is the skeleton?
The internal framework of the human body.
How many bones are in the human body by adulthood?
Approximately 206 bones.
Name four bones in the human body.
Cranium, Ribs, Vertebrae, Calcaneus.
What's a helpful tip to remember the difference between the fibula and tibia?
Fibula - think 'fine', Tibia - think 'thick'.
Match the bone group with its location: Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges, Carpals, Metacarpals.
Tarsals - ankle, Metatarsals - midfoot, Phalanges - toes , Carpals - wrist, Metacarpals - palm, Phalanges - fingers
What are the four functions of the skeletal system?
Four functions: allows movement, provides shape and protection, mineral storage, production of blood cells.
What structures collaborate to create movement to form the musculoskeletal system?
Bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons.
How does the skeleton allow movement?
Bones provide surfaces for the attachement of muscles.
What minerals are stored in bones?
Store minerals such as calcium, iron, potassium, and phosphorus.
Where are red and white blood cells produced?
Bone marrow.
What is the function of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen to muscles.
What is the function of white blood cells?
Fight infection in the body.
What is the muscular system?
An organ system consisting of approximately 600 muscles.
Name some key muscles in the body.
Trapezius, Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Hamstrings, Gastrocnemius, Quadriceps, Biceps, Triceps, Gluteus maximus , Rectus abdominis.
What are the main functions of the muscular system?
Three functions: create movement, maintain posture, produce heat.
How do muscles produce movement?
Muscles pull on bones.
What are the keys to maintaining proper posture?
Flexibility and strength.
What happens when muscles contract?
They generate heat.
What does the musculoskeletal system refer to?
Bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
What is the function of ligaments?
Connect bone to bone.
What is the function of tendons?
Connect muscles to bones.
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscles to bones.
What is flexion?
A movement that decreases the angle between the bones at a joint.
What is extension?
A movement that increases the angle between two body parts.
What is reciprocal inhibition?
When one muscle contracts, its pair relaxes.
What is an agonist?
The muscle that contracts (shortens).
What is an antagonist?
The muscle that relaxes (lengthens).
What does C.A.r.e.F.u.L stand for?
Stands for Command term, Allocated marks, Focus of question, and Limiting terms. It is a technique to follow when answering questions.
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
Heart and blood vessels working together to transport gases and nutrients around the body.
What are the four functions of the cardiovascular system?
Circulates blood, transports oxygen and nutrients, transports wastes, maintains stable body temperature.
What are the different types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins.
What is the function of arteries?
Carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body.
What is the aorta?
Largest artery in the body.
What are capillaries?
The smallest type of blood vessel; the site where nutrients and waste are exchanged.
What is the function of veins?
Carry blood with lower oxygen content back to the heart.
What is the size of the adult heart?
The adult heart is about the size of a large fist.
What are the atria?
The upper chambers that receive blood.
What are the ventricles?
The lower chambers that pump blood.
What is the septum?
The septum divides the heart into two sides.
What is heart rate?
Number of times your heart beats in a given time.
What is the average resting heart rate?
Approximately 72 beats per minute (bpm).
What are the two parts of Vena cava?
Superior vena cava and Inferior vena cava.
Where does the blood move from and what valve is responsible?
Blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle and through valve between the atrium and ventricle opens to allow blood to to move into the ventricle.
What happens to the blood during gas exchange?
At the lungs, carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and oxygen is added.
Where does Oxygenated blood travel through via the blood vessel to?
Returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein and into the left atrium.
What happens in body?
Oxygenated blood is transported around the body delivering oxygen and nutrients to the bodies cells and collecting waste.
Where gas exchange takes place and what is the process called?
The exchange of CO2 and O2 between the blood and body cells occurs in capillaries and is called gas exchange.
What does the respiratory system include?
Nose, mouth, throat, voicebox, windpipe, and lungs.
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Five Functions: Brings air Atmosphere into the lungs, Transfers oxygen from the air into the blood, Removes carbon dioxide form the blood, Expels heat in the air exhaled, Allows the vocal cords to create speech as air is exhaled.
Where are the lungs located?
Located in the chest cavity behind the ribs.
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs within the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
What is the diaphragm?
A muscle that helps to inhale and exhale.
What are the two phases of breathing?
Inspiration and Expiration.
Where would high concentration air particles move?
Air particles move where high amount of them (high pressure) to areas where there is a lower amount of them (low pressure).
What happens during inspiration (inhalation)?
Diaphragm contracts, intercostal muscles contract, chest cavity size increases, lung pressure decreases, drawing air into the lungs.
What is Expiration?
Also known as exhalation, air is expelled from the lungs.
What is gaseous exchange?
The process where gases move across a surface without the use of energy.
What is the difference between Inspiration/expiration and gaseous exchange?
Breathing is taking air into the lungs and expelling it from the lungs. Gaseous exchange involves the movement of gases across a surface.
What is the menstrual cycle?
The time between one period and the next.
How many days does a menstrual cycle last?
About 28 to 30 days.
What is the menstruation phase?
The stage where people get their period (bleed).
What kind of movement is recommended during menstruation?
Low-intensity movement, such as swimming, yoga, walking, or cycling.
What kind of nutrition is recommended during menstruation?
Reduce salt and caffeine intake; increase consumption of omega-3 fatty acids and drink more water.
Name some menstruation products.
Example: pads, tampons, menstrual cups, period underwear.
What are pads made of?
Absorbent material designed to soak up menstrual fluid.
What are tampons designed to do?
Absorb blood by insertion into the vagina.
Why is it necessary to insert tampons into the vagina?
Insert Tampons into the vagina to absorb bleeding.
What sizes do tampons come in?
Light/mini, regular, super.
What product is pictured?
Menstrual Cup
Are menstrual cup reusable and how?
Are reusable; must be washed washing the cup with hot water and after, place it in boiling water to fully sanitize before the next period.
What are Menstrual Period Underwear?
Are absorbent garments designed to be worn during menstruation.
Are menstrual period reusable and how?
Are Yes and washed after every use.
How are period underwear washed?
Gently scrub the gusset, place them in the washing machine on a delicate setting, using cold water and mild detergent
What are the days that follicular phase last?
Starts on the last day of the period and lasts to day 13 or 14, ending in ovulation.
What kind of movement is recommended during Follicular Phase?
The body is primed for maximal training efforts, such as high-intensity training.
What kind of nutrition is recommended during Follicular Phase?
healthy carbohydrates and fats and iron-rich foods such as green leafy vegetables, legumes and lean meats.
Following the Follicular Phase what's next?
Ovulation Phase which happens Usually once each month, about two weeks before the next period lasting about weeks.
During the stage of Ovulation Phase where is ovum released from?
An ovum (egg) is released from an ovary and moves along a fallopian tube towards the uterus.
What kind of movement is recommended during Ovulation Phase?
Similar to follicular phase. The body is primed for maximal training efforts, such as high-intensity training.
What kind of nutrition is recommended during Ovulation Phase?
Healthy carbohydrates and fats but Foods high in fibre.
What happens during the Luteal Phase?
The body is working to support a possible pregnancy.
What are the Physiological characteristics?
Thickening of uterus lining (endometrium) and Slight increase in overall body temperature.
What kind of movement is recommended during Luteal Phase?
Switch to low-intensity movement with more recovery time than usual.
What kind of nutrition is recommended during Luteal Phase?
Healthy carbohydrates and high fibre foods but Consume dark chocolate, fruit and nuts.