2 Jekyll and Hyde

'warmed...by a bright, open fire'

Utterson describes one of Jekyll's household rooms to heated and decorated like this, giving a sense of goodness and light

'laying out the surplus of their grains in coquetry'

Enfield and Utterson walk through a busy part of London with thriving shops laying out their merchandise, which are here described to be trying to tempt customers to buy the merchandise. It could also have an underlying meaning about the hidden sex trade in London because the noun 'coquetry' means flirtatious behaviour. 'Surplus' means more than enough

'the street shone out' and 'polished brasses' and 'freshly painted shutters'

Here a part of London is described and the verb 'shone' links to the idea of light making London sound like a good and nice and inviting city

'pleased the eye'

How Utterson sees a part of London

'great air of wealth and comfort'

How Mr Utterson describes the front of Jekyll's house

'chocolate-coloured pall lowered over heaven'

In chapter 4 Utterson visits a dark part of London where the Carew murder took place and he sees that it is covered by fog and smog making it dark. This quote could be a metaphor that Hyde is the fog and Jekyll is 'heaven'.

'back end of evening'

It is dark and it is the end of evening but it also links to duality: the front and back of London, there are two sides like J's house and J himself.

'wind was continually charging and routing'

It is as if the industrial vapours, the wind and the fog are all battling where the wind is breaking up the fog in this personification symbolising Jekyll's struggle to remain good (4)

'haggard shaft of daylight'

It is 9am and daylight struggles to get through the fog in this part of London similar Jekyll struggling to remain good .

'with a pale moon lying on her back as though the wind had tilted her'

This personification of the moon makes it sound out of the ordinary reflecting the strange events, and could symbolise disrupting nature. For the moon to have been blown over suggests the night is 'wild' and will be extraordinary and creates pathetic fallacy for Jekyll's death.

'thin trees in the garden were lashing themselves'

The trees here seem weak and blown around by the wind, which could symbolise Jekyll's weakness to remain good and evil taking control. 'Lashing' is particularly violent suggesting Jekyll's final struggle. It could also foreshadow the events of that night .

'dingy neighbourhood'

How Utterson views the area that Hyde lives in.

'I had taken a loathing of my gentleman at first sight'

How Enfield felt when he saw Hyde

'he gives a strong feeling of deformity, although I couldn't specify the point'

Enfield explains that Hyde seems deformed but can't explain how

'pale and dwarfish'

Hyde is short and quite white according to Utterson

'he gave an impression of deformity without any nameable malformation'

Utterson also can't pinpoint how Hyde is deformed

'I read Satan's signature upon his face'

Utterson associates Hyde with the devil and can tell that he is evil somehow

'with apelike fury'

A maid watches the way Hyde attacks Carew which is like an animal

'personal distaste'

Lanyon at first sight doesn't like Hyde and at first he thinks it's just himself (9)

'cause to lie much deeper in the nature of man and to turn on some nobler hinge than the principle of hatred'

Lanyon is very intelligent and here explains that he doesn't just hate Hyde for no reason at all but because he believes Hyde is evil, he just can't explain why

'creature'

Lanyon sees Hyde as a creature which is animalistic and inks to deformity

Third Person Narrative

This form of narrative in the book by following Utterson creates tension and intrigue because he only finds things out gradually and learns the truth at the end. This distances the reader from the truth and makes the Novella more like a mystery

Chronological order

This order keeps the suspense going throughout the book for the reader because it is like time passing until everything is explained at the end. But this could also be seen as a clumsy plot device

Deus Ex Machina

When everything is tied together at the end of a book

The Bible

The Grand Narrative

Embedded Narratives

These types of narratives are a device to add to the reader's curiosity, like a jigsaw where all are needed to solve the mystery.

3rd to 1st person

This change of narrative throughout chapter 10 make Jekyll an unreliable narrator, we can't trust his account fully because he is battling between J and H

'Black secrets'

Utterson thinks J is being blackmailed by H and here he has just met H and thinks H is telling him everything. This creates suspense for the reader because they only know as much as Utterson

'I stood already committed to a profound duplicity of me'

Jekyll has known his whole life the inner conflict with him but repression from Victorian society has prevented him from doing anything

'professional honour and faith to his dead friend'

A perfect description of Utterson after Lanyon has died

'animal within / seems hardly human'

Hyde is described a this linking to Darwin's theory of evolution and that he is less evolved than anormal man

'like a monkey'

Poole uses this simile to describe Hyde in an ape like way, linking to Darwin's theory of evolution

'ragged children'

This is describing the people who live in Hyde's East side of London, where poverty is rife, living conditions are awful, people work long hours and it is very smoky because houses were built near the coal burning factories

'dismal quarter of Soho'

This is a description of Hyde's poor Soho area and even though it is described as 'dismal' many respectable men went there where they wouldn't be recgonised to satisfy their repressed desires - J takes it a step further by entirely changing his appearance

'double dealer'

Jekyll feels like one of these even before he creates Hyde showing that he believed in the idea of duality of men for a long time, which is likely due to the amount of repression he endures as a gentleman

frightening

Traditionally Gothic novels were set in far away places, such as abandoned castles, but Stevenson set his in a familiar place making the Novella more...

'well-polished brasses'

This description is from when Enfield and Utterson walk down a reputable street and the idea of something being polished and clean could symbolise a gentleman's well polished public apperance but on the inside this is not the case. This is the same for the polished houses: behind the doors, anything could be happening.

'haunted'

After talking to Lanyon about Jekyll's scientific balderdash, Utterson gets nightmares about Hyde creating melodrama and suspense. This prompts him to search for Hyde

' ''He never told you,'' cried Mr. Hyde with a flush of anger'

When Utterson first meets H, he implys that Jekyll told him about Hyde but Hyde strongly denies it, and the reader is left to wonder how Hyde would be so certain about this. He's not Jekyll, is he?

'sinister'

This how Jekyll's lab is described which contrasts to the nice front of the house, symbolising Jekyll's duality

'intelligent, reputable'

How Jekyll's friends are described when he invites them to his house for a dinner party in chapter 3

'scientific heresies'

Lanyon in chapter 2 thinks that Jekyll's fanciful work goes against God even though the 1800's was a time of scientific progress. Jekyll calls him 'ignorant', showing that J is willing to risk losing friends to persue his experiments

'the moment I choose, I can be rid of Mr Hyde'

Utterson is concerned for Jekyll's reputation when asking him about Hyde and the will but J does all that he can to avoid explainning the will and this secrecy builds suspense. This quote suggests that Hyde is like a drug or will become one because that is how addicts talk before they become addicted

'romantically given'

When Carew is murdered (almost abyear later) it is narrated from a maid's perspective, distancing the reader from the evnt itself and she is what the quote says so we don't know how much we can believe. The fact that she is a woman, she faints amd the event is illumintaed by the moon creates melodrama (gothic)

'storm of blows / audibly' shatter

Stevenson graphically describes the Carew murder and appeals to the readers sense of hearing to make reading it more horrifying

'some city in a nightmare'

Utterson describes Soho to be like this when he goes there after the Carew murder: It's a place of darkness and swirling fog. This contrats higly to the resptecable and comforting area that Jekyll lives in

'feverish manner'

After Carew's murder Jekyll speaks in this way when Utterson visits him because he is guilty and agitated about the murder, but the reader doens't know this at first so it creates suspense

'struggled'

Utterson acts in this way when guest notices that the letter Jekyll gave Utterson written by Hyde has similar handwriting to J's, and Utterson is uncomfortable with discovering this because respectable men normally keep their problems and worries to themsleves. Utterson believes that J forged the letter, planting a red herring

'never existed'

Time passes and in chapter 6 it is as though Hyde never existed which is rionic because Hyde has always existed within Jekyll who is currently acting hypocritically (the model of victiorian society)

'deep-seated terror of the mind'

Hyde has had a profound effect on Lanyon and when Utterson visits him he is very ill, and speeky vaguely and cryptically. This contrasts to Lanyon normally (an articulate man of science) and the noun 'terror' shows that Hyde has scared Lanyon horrifically

'Darkly mysterious'

Utterson writes to Jekyll asking why Lanyon suddenly feels so negatively towards him and J's reply to the letter is described by this quote. J doesn't reveal much creating suspense and melodrama due to his secrecy, and the adverb in this quote suggests J is doing bad things

'I am the chief of sinners, I am the chief of sufferers also'

In a reply to utterson's letter asking Jekyll why Lanyon suddenly disliked J, J replys mysteriously He suggests that the more Hyde sins, the more Jekyll suffers and this doesn't make sense until the reader reads the last chapter, creating suspense. J's suffering could be due to him physically suffering (the transformation is painful) or due to a mental suffering (the guilt he feels for the sins Hyde has committed)

'professional honour'

When Lanyon dies he leaves Utterson an envelope but another envelope inside says it can't be opened till the death/disappearance of Jekyll. Lanyon is too professional and loyal to open it and he locks it in a safe, showning that he values moral principles above curiosity OR it could symbolise Utterson's unwillingness to confront the mystery to preserve J's reputation.

'froze the very blood'

During the Incident at the Window after Jekyll suddenly disappears, Enfield and Utterson are so weirded out that it's as if their blood freezes. This metaphor hints at the dark/supernatural events happening to J - supernatural and unexplained events are important for the Gothic genre

'be explicit'

When Poole goes to Utterson telling him he is worried about J in The Last Night, Poole avoids questions and won't say what happened so Utterson tells him this quote. The lack of information increases suspense as the reader wonders what is happening to J

'irritated'

Poole's fear in The Last Nigth makes Utterson 'frightened; which annoys him because he's a rational person who's more comfortable dealing with facts than emotions

'nobody was looking'

At the end Jekyll locks himself inside his cabinet and when food is brought to him, he takes it when he can't be seen creating mystery: why can't he show himself? Plus the locked door is another barrier to revealing J's secret and there's a sense that something disturbing and dangerous is hidden behind it.

'that thing in the mask'

Poole saw someone outside the cabinet once but Poole claims that if it was Jekyll, he was wearing a mask. The mask is an important image since it explores the idea of dual personality - Hyde is the mask/disguise which allows Jekyll to committ immoral acts without ruining his respectable reputation

'blashemies'

Utterson and Poole find sinful writing in one of Jekyll's favourite religious texts, which was written by Hyde showing that he takes pleasure in undermiming the good side of Jekyll.

'life is shaken to its roots'

In Ch 9 of Lanyon's narrative, Lanyon explains that when he saw Hyde transform, everything he belives has been shattered because Jekyll has proven to Lanyon that the type of science he denied is real. It also questions Christianity which was the fundamental religion of that time

'undignified'

Jekyll says in his statement that his pleasures were at first this quote, which makes the reader sympathise with Jekyll because he is tied down by society's standards of respectability. However, as Hyde his pleasures are 'monstrous' which makes the reader feel less sorry for him because at the end of the day Hyde is still Jekyll

'Hyde alone'

Jekyll in Ch 10 is an unreliable narrator because he himself can't see to grasp what Hyde is or his experiment. He is horrified by Hyde's actions but believes that it is just Hyde who is guilty (J doesn't see H's actionas as his actions) making him hypocrytical. Everything H does is what J would do if he wasn't repressed by Victorian society, making me not sympathise with him

'long caged'

Jekyll for 2 months stopped transforming into Hyde but he gave in to temptation and transformed again where Hyde emerged more evil than ever, and savagely murders Carew. This creates the idea that the longer you repress your desires, the more strongly they'll come out in the end

'the brute that slept within him'

Jekyll hates Hyde's side of himself making him hypocrytical as he struggles to accept that Hyde is part of him (he sees Hyde's actions as seperate). He calls Hyde a 'brute' which could link to Hobbes's quote from 'The Leviathan', which could've influenced Stevenson's writing

'solitary, poore, nasty, brutish and short'

This quote describes what men would be like outside of society according to Hobbes from 'The Leviathan': a philosophical book which challenegd many idealogies. Hobbes's Leviathan helped shape western political thinking. Hobbes proposed that the natural state of humankind is one of anarchy, just like Hyde's is.

Disturbing

Jekyll's fate is worrying and scary because the reader is able to apply his thoughts on human nature to their own lives. This makes the book...'

'two natures that contended in the field'

Stevenson uses the language of battle to describe the struggle. There's a war within Jekyll and his two sides are meeting on a battlefield

'enormously too large for him', 'rich and sobre fabric', 'ludicrous'

In Ch 9 Lanyon explains how he thought Hyde looked ridiculous in clothes that looked so fine and were too big for him suggesting that no matter how a gentleman dresses he still has an evil side to him. Clothes can be a disguise or an outward public appearance of a person's true nature and clothes can represent the duality of man because they give a respectable image

'Ill things he's done'

In the past Utterson, while his past is fairly blameless, still feels bad for what he perceives as disreputable. This shows that we are all capable of doing bad things

'theatrical'

This quote describes Lanyon's friendliness, suggesting that Lanyon is putting on a big front for his dark side

'some place at the end of the world'

Enfield is described to be coming from a dodgy place at 3 in the morning when he sees Hyde has trampled a girl. This shows that Enfield may have explored his darker side

'ferocity'

Poole speaks in this way to servant when she expresses her fear in The Last Night showing that perhaps he is afraid himself or that he can have a cruelness to him

'man is not truly one but truly two'

Throughout the Novella Stevenson explores that we all have a duality with every character, even Utterson. This quote in Ch 10 sums up what J was trying to explore

'any drug that so potently controlled and shook the very fortress of identity'

This metaphor from Ch 10 shows that J explores spiritual matters with his science (Lanyon explores material matters) which was controversial at the time because Christianity gave all the ideas about a person's soul. This metaphor also suggests how powerful science can be if a person is tempted enough

'the temptation of a discovery so singular and profound'

J's form of science could've been a s sinful because J pursued it due to 'temptation' and this form of science is powerful because it contradicts the basis of religion and Victorian society. J explores human nature and tries to separate it which could've also been as sinful because it is God's creation

'a solution of the bonds of obligation' and 'freedom of the soul'

These metaphors sum up why he did the experiment and shows his scientific work is 'mystic and transcendental' because he meddles with the spiritual side of things creating tension with religion. The 'bonds' could represent Victorian society because he was bound by reputable expectations, but this is ironic because when he loses control with H he becomes some 'disconsolate prisoner'. This has duality: J= bonds of obligation and H= freedom of the soul

'traces of chemicals', 'some white salt' and the cheval glass has seen 'some strange things'

Stevenson keeps his language vague when describing what U and P find after they break into J's cabinet to make his scientific work mysterious (theme of secrecy)

'plod in the public eye with a load of genial respectability'

From Ch 10 J delights at the fact that science has allowed him to do this because whilst most gentlemen would secretly go to brothels or hire assassins to do their dirty work (hypocritical because they make out that they're moral), J takes it a step further. The verb 'plod' suggests he is bored by his respectable life and may even be careless towards what he does as H

a 'little hoarsely' and 'with a flush of anger' and 'snarl'

This is how Hyde is described to speak to U in Ch 2 which isn't like a gentleman at all making him an outsider to Victorian society. This also has animistic imagery creating fear and links to Darwinianism

'seems hardly human! Something troglodytic'

This is how Lanyon describes H in Ch 9 making H seem like a complete outsider because he doesn't even look human. It also compares him to a caveman linking to evolution beuase he acts less developed

'black secrets by the look of him'

In ch 2 U thinks Hyde has dark secrets and the reader will trust this because U is a rational man and is not normally judgemental ('he had an approved tolerance for others'). So if Utterson thinks this of Hyde it is probably true and on 2nd reading we know what these secrets are

'on that body an imprint of deformity and decay'

This how J describes H in Ch 10 furthering the idea that H is the visual embodiment of evil and his appearance echoes his nature. Perhaps characters can't describe why they loath him is because they repress their own dark sides so much so can't properly recognise evil

'doom that is closing in on us both'

In Ch 10 J says his demise is coming and this serves as a warning to reader what can happen if you explore your evil desires