Parasitology Exam 1

Symbiosis

Interactions between two or more species

Commenalism

One species benefits, the other is not affected

Mutualism

Both species benefit

Parasitism

One species benefits, the other is harmed

Mutualism Example

e.coli produces vit B and K

Commenalism Example

Staphylococcus Epidermis

Permanent Parasites

tapeworms in vertebrate intestines

temporary parasites

female mosquitos on host blood

obligatory parasites

plasmodium

faculative parasites

free living amoeba

biological vector

host where development occurs

mechanical vectors

organisms that transport pathogens without being infected themselves

Parasite Disease I

parasites reproduce slower and with fewer offspring

Parasite Disease II

usually chronic

Parasite Disease III

more difficult to control than other diseases

Visceral Ameobae Example

Entamoeba histolytica

Visceral Flagellate example

Giardia lamblia

Visceral Ciliates

Balantidium coli

Visceral Coccidia Example

Cryptosporidium parvum

Blood and Tissue Coccidia Example

Toxoplasma gondi

Blood and Tissue Piroplasm Example

Plasmodium

Blood and Tissue Flagellates

Leishmania and Trypanosoma

Helminths

platyhelminthes(flatworms) and roundworms(aschelminthes or nematoda)

Platyhelmithes

Flukes(trematode) and Tapeworms(cestodes)

Nematodes

Pin worms, hook worms, ad filarial worms

Eukaryote cytoskeleton

actin and microfilaments

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have organelles and no cell wall

Multicellular fungi

mold

unicellular fungi

yeast

which eukaryotes have cell walls?

Planta(cellulose) and fungi(chitin)

ciliphorian nucleus

macronucleus and micronucleus

Anaerobic organelles

hydrogenosomes and mitosomes

Apicomplexan

secretory organs that allow host invasian

kinetoplast examples

leishmania and trypanosoma

kinetoplast

kDNA in a single large mitochondrion

longitudinal binary fission

cell divides longitudinally, creating two daughter cells

binary fission

split

schizogony

parasites multiply asexually in the host and then disrupt the cell wall

cyst functions

protection, morphogenesis, transmission

Visceral Protozoa

E. histolytica, E. gingivalis, Balantidium coli

Non-visceral protozoa

Naeglaeria fowleri, Anacthomoeba spp., Balamunthia mandrillas

Entamoeba histolytica locations

tropics, sub-tropics, poor sanitation

E. Histolytica diseases

Amebiases, Amoebic dysentary

Amebic dystentary symptoms

Amebic colitis, amebic liver abcess

Amebic dysentery

blood and mucus mixed with feces, dark, odor, acidic, 6-8 bpm

Bacillary dysentery

blood and mucus, 10 bpm, odorless, bright, alkaline, sticky

Amebiasis treatments

metronidazole and tetracycline

Disease coused by naegleria fowleri

Primary Amoebic meningoencephalatitis(PAM)

PAM affects the

central nervous system(CNS)

How does N. Fowleri enter humans

nose, amoeba

what forms does N. Fowleri have?

cyst, amoeba, flagellate

What do acanthomoeba and balamunthia mandrillas cause

Granulous Amoebic encephalitis(GAE)

Acanthomoeba keratitis

caused by wearing dirty contacts

Acanthomoeba Cyst shape

square

Acanthamoeba spp. treatments

miltefosine

single infectious cilliate

balantidium coli

largest parasitic protozoan

balantidium coli

B. Coli enzyme

hyaluronidase

Gastrointestinal flagellate

Giardia lambia

genitourinary flagellates

trichomonas vaginalis

Giardia Lambia Trophozite characteristics

median bodies, adhesive disc, 4 pairs of flagella

G. Lambia reproduction

longitudinal fission

G. lambia resevoirs

dogs, beavers, sheep

G. Lamblia Symptoms

greasy stool

G. lambia effects

flattening of villi

G. lambia diagnosis

ELISA, IgA antibodies, PCR

G. lambia treatment

metronidazole

Trichomonas vaginalis unique features

undulating flagella, hydrogenosome

T. vaginalis raises pH by

disrupting lactic-acid producing bacteria

Best pH for T. Vaginalis

5-6

What sex experiences symptoms of T. vaginalis

female

T. vaginalis treatment

metronidazole

Genus Leishmania

Visceral, Cutaneous, Mucocutaneous

Genus Trypanosoma

African sleeping sickness, chagas

Hemoflagellate transmission

bloofdfeeding insect vectors

hemoflagellate organs

liver and spleen

hemoflagellate common structures

kinetoplast and mitochondrion

Amastigote

Promastigote

Epimastigote

trypomastigote

Amastigote location

intracellular

promastigote location

insect vector and in the culture

leishmania vector

female sandflies

leishmania transmission

zoonotic, anthroponotic

most common leishmania

cutaneous leishmania

cutaneous leishmania transmission

sandflies, blood transfusion

cutaneous leishmania types

L. tropica, L. major, L. mexicana

cutaneous leishmania resevoirs

dogs, rats

cutaneous leishmania symptoms

skin sores

cutaneous leishmania regions

middle east, africa, mediteranian, india

cutaneous leishmania complications

leishmania recidiva, secondary bacterial infections

cutaneous leishmania diagnosis

amastigotes, promastigotes(cultured)

cutaneous leishmania treatment

miltefosine, liposomal amphoterican B

Visceral leishmaniasis organs affected

spleen, liver, bone marrow

Visceral leishmaniasis symptoms

sweeling of liver and spleen, fever, weight loss

Visceral leishmaniasis types

L.d. donovani, L.d. infantum, L.d. chagasi

Visceral leishmaniasis amastigote

in mammalian tissues

Visceral leishmaniasis promastigote

cultures or sandflies