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* Women are frequently denied loans or financial support, cannot afford tuition or fees; or rural communities lack funding to provide schools.
* Women may be unable to obtain or access inputs to improve productivity (e.g., land, animals, equipment, seeds, fertilizer, or infrastructure).
* Women practicing subsistence agriculture may not be able to generate a surplus.
* Impacts of exposure to environmental hazards (agricultural pollution, chemicals, groundwater pollution) that cause health problems for women and children which have an economic impact (household, local, or national scale).
* In many societies women hold agricultural knowledge and skills passed down to daughters.
* In many societies women represent a spiritual ideal of fertility that is tied to beliefs regarding agricultural productivity.
* Laws and government policies preventing women from acquiring land tenure, owning, or inheriting land.
* Women may lack access to political processes (voting), and institutions (representative government); or females lack political power to improve law and policy affecting women’s issues.