Intro to the Human Body and Functions of human life

anatomy

science of body forms (structures) and relationships between them

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

study of structures and tissues that are visible to the naked eye

Microscopic anatomy

study of tissues and cells (histology)

physiology

science of body functions

6 organization levels of the body

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

chemical level of organization

protons, neutrons, electrons

atoms

non-living, smallest unit of matter than can participate in chemical reactions

molecules

2+ atoms

Cellular level of organization

molecules form cells--smallest living element of organism

tissue

group of cells and materials surrounding that work to perform functions

4 basic types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

organ level of organization

tissues put together to form structures with specific function and recognizable shape

organ system

group of organs that do the same job (ex: digestive system)

integumentary system

the skin and its appendages; protectant, hair and sweat glands

skeletal system

the hard structure that provides a frame for the body of an animal; protection, movement, support, make BCs in marrow

muscular system

muscles, body temperature and glycose storage

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, organs that it moves; conduct electrical signals

endocrine system

the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity; release hormones

cardiovascular system

moves blood through the body

lymphoid system

moves lymph fluid through the body

respiratory system

moves O2, removes CO2, regulate blood pH

digestive system

fuels and removes waste

urinary system

removes impurities and secretes waste

genital system

sex and reproduction

organismal level of organization

any living individual--all parts function together

superior

up/above

medial

to middle

lateral

to outside

posterior

in back

prone

laying face down

supine

lying face upward

anatomical position

upright facing observer with eyes front and feet flat, arms at sides and palms forward

cranial

skull

facial

face

femoral

thigh

tibial or fibular

leg

abdominal

abdomen

anterior/ventral

front

posterior/dorsal

back

superior

above

inferior

below

proximal

closer to attachment to body

distal

farther from attachment to body

superficial

on surface

deep

below structure

frontal/coronal

cuts so front andd back position

transverse

superior and inferior parts (cross-section)

oblique

angled cut

sagittal plane

left and right sides

midsaggital

equal left an right side cut

parasagittal

unequal left and right side cut

metabolism

all chemical processes in the body

catabolism

reactions that break things apart

anabolism

reactions that build molecules

responsivneess

ability to detect and respond to changes

movement

motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells and tiny structure in cells (Ex: CV sys moves fluid thru body)

development

all body changes through life

growth

increased body size that results from increased size of existing cells, increase in # of cells, or both

differentiation

developing of cells ffrom unspecialized to specialized

reproduction

form new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual

Requirements for human life

)2, H2), temperature and atmospheric pressure

Why humans need oxygen

20% air,for essential reactions like mating ATP

Why humans need H2O

energy-yilding (carbs and lipids), body-building (micronuts like calcium, sodium, and potassium)

how temp and atmospheric pressure impact humans

sweat and shiver, breath, blood pressure

homeostasis

steady state of body sys that living organisms maintain

set point

physiological range around which normal range fluctuates; varies by person

normal range

restricted values that are healthful and stable; where humans can survive

interstitial

in space between cells

disruptions to homeostasis

outside environment (heat, cold), internal environment (blood sugar, cardiac output), social stresses (fight with friend, exam stress)

how does the body restore homeostasis?

nervous and endocrine systems use action potentials and hormones through feedback systems

negative feedback system

reverses change in condition

positive feedback system

reinforces/enhances change in condition

How does a feedback system work?

Sensor (aka receptor) detects change from stimulus which changes the set range of the controlled condition (control), causing the effector to make a response