Human Body Systems - Video Notes Flashcards

A comprehensive set of practice flashcards covering the major human body systems, their functions, parts, and interactions as presented in the video notes.

From smallest to largest, list the levels of organization in the human body.

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ/body systems → Organism.

What is homeostasis?

The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Name external factors that challenge homeostasis.

Intense heat, cold, and lack of oxygen.

Name internal factors that challenge homeostasis.

Drops in blood sugar or low nutrients.

What are physiological factors that affect homeostasis?

Emotional stress and mental stress, among others.

Which system interacts with all other systems and directs them?

The Nervous System.

What are the main parts of the Nervous System and their roles?

Nerves collect sensory information; Spinal cord relays info between nerves and brain; Brain processes information and issues motor commands.

What is the sensory to motor information flow in the nervous system?

Sensory: Nerves → Spinal cord → Brain; Motor: Brain → Spinal cord → Nerves.

Integumentary System: main functions.

First line of defense, helps regulate temperature, and keeps fluids inside.

Integumentary System: main parts.

Skin, sweat glands, hair follicles, nails, oil glands, fat, blood vessels.

Integumentary System: interactions with other systems.

Excretory (sweat removes waste), Nervous (temperature control), Immune (barrier against pathogens).

Skeletal System: main functions.

Supports and protects the body, aids movement, protects major organs, and makes blood cells.

Skeletal System: main parts.

Bones (206), cartilage, ligaments.

Skeletal System: interactions with other systems.

Muscular system (movement); Circulatory system (bone marrow makes blood cells).

Muscular System: main functions.

Connects to bones to move, helps circulate blood, generates heat.

Muscular System: main parts.

Muscles and tendons.

Types of muscle and a key characteristic.

Cardiac (involuntary, heart); Smooth (involuntary, organs); Skeletal (voluntary, attached to bones).

Muscular System: main interactions with other systems.

Skeletal (movement); Digestive (propels contents); Nervous (controls contractions).

Circulatory/Cardiovascular System: function.

Pumps blood and carries nutrients; removes wastes from cells.

Circulatory/Cardiovascular System: main parts.

Heart; Blood (plasma, RBCs, WBCs, platelets); Blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries).

What do RBCs, WBCs, and platelets do?

RBCs deliver oxygen; WBCs fight infections; Platelets clot to prevent bleeding.

Circulatory System: main interactions with other systems.

With the Respiratory system for oxygen transport; with Digestive to distribute nutrients; with Excretory (kidneys filter waste).

Respiratory System: function.

Breathes to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide; supports life.

Respiratory System: main parts.

Nose, Trachea, Lungs, Diaphragm.

How does the diaphragm contribute to breathing?

Contracts to pull air in and relaxes to push air out.

Respiratory System: main interactions with other systems.

Circulatory (gas exchange); Excretory (CO2 removal); Nervous (breathing control); Muscular (diaphragm).

Digestive System: function.

Takes food and breaks it down into nutrients the body needs.

Digestive System: main parts (digestive tract).

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum.

Digestive System: role of bile and enzymes.

Liver produces bile; Gallbladder stores/releases bile; Pancreas produces digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase, proteases).

Digestive System: main interactions with other systems.

Circulatory (absorb and deliver nutrients); Muscular (peristalsis); Nervous (appetite regulation).

Excretory/Urinary System: function.

Removes wastes from blood; regulates body fluids and salts.

Excretory/Urinary System: main parts.

Renal arteries; Kidneys (nephrons); Ureter; Urinary bladder.

Excretory/Urinary System: main interactions with other systems.

Circulatory (waste removal); Digestive (eliminate waste in urine).

Immune System: functions and main parts.

Fights disease; White blood cells, Lymph nodes, Spleen.

Lymphatic System: main functions.

Maintains fluid levels, recovers leaked lymph, transports white blood cells to fight infections.

Lymphatic System: main parts.

Lymph, Lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels, Tonsils, Spleen.

Endocrine System: definition.

Glands that produce hormones regulating most body functions.

Endocrine System: key glands and hormones.

Pituitary (growth hormone); Pineal (melatonin); Thyroid (thyroid hormone, calcitonin); Thymus (thymosin); Adrenal (adrenaline); Pancreas (insulin); Gonads (estrogen/testosterone).

Endocrine System: main interactions.

Interacts with all other systems; works with the nervous system to regulate functions.

Reproductive System: function.

Produce offspring; males produce sperm and testosterone; females produce eggs and estrogen.

Reproductive System: main parts.

Male: penis, vas deferens, testes; Female: uterus, ovaries, vagina.

In conclusion: how many human body systems and their purpose?

There are 12 body systems that work together to achieve function and maintain homeostasis.

What is meant by 'interactions' between body systems?

The specific ways systems influence one another; some direct, some indirect; all contribute to homeostasis.