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hypothesis
a testable and falsifiable statement accounting for a fact or set of facts
scientific method definition
an approach to understanding the natural world based on observations, testable hypotheses, and experimentation
conclusion
the scientist’s opinion of what the results mean
facts
information about the natural world
data
observations and measurements (quantitative, qualitative)
theory
well-tested and supported hypothesis or set of hypotheses
independent variable
factor being manipulated represented on the x-axis
dependent variable
the factor you’re measuring represented on y-axis
perpetual change
modifications over generations throughout time
common descent
all forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages
homology
similarity in characteristics resulting in common ancestry
multiplication of species
a single ancestral population can split to produce two or more populations that become different with time
geographic isolation
members of the same species that are unable to reproduce due to separation of a geographical barrier
reproductive isolation
a biological factor that impedes two species from producing viable, fertile offspring
gradualism
populations accumulate small changes over long periods of time
natural selection
some individuals survive longer and reproduce more than others due to their advantageous traits
artificial selection
a process humans use to select desired traits in crops, domesticated animals, and livestock
variation
individuals within a population differ in their inherited traits
overproduction
more offspring are produced than can survive
descent with modification
the traits of individuals that survive and reproduce will become more common in a population
differential reproduction
produces more offspring than individuals with less favorable traits
taxonomy
the method of naming, grouping , and ordering living things
folk taxonomy
the various ways people of different cultures and geographic regions name, group, and order living things
species
the most fundamental unit of classification
biological species concept
group of populations that has the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable and fertile offspring
ecological species concept
the sum of how a species interacts in the world with living and nonliving parts of the environment
eukaryote structure
have nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles
unicellular
composed of a single cell
multicellular
consisting of many connected cells
autotroph
make their food via photosynthesis
heterotroph
need to eat other organisms
ingestion
digest in their bodies
absorption
digest outside body
phylogenetic tree
a branching diagram that illustrates the evolutionary history of a group of organisms
cocci
shaped like a circle
prokaryotes
smallest, most abundant, most widespread, and most ancient life forms
bacilli
shaped like a pill or rod
spirilla
shaped like a spiral
colonies
a mass of individual bacteria cells
binary fission
ring of DNA replicated and cell pinches off into 2
slime layer
sticky protein or polysaccharide that surrounds the cell
fimbriae
hair-like appendages that allow cells to stick to the substrate
spore
protected copy of chromosomes that are resistant to extreme conditions and time
anaerobic
oxygen is poisonous
aerobic
needs oxygen to survive
facultative
can tolerative any amount of oxygen
organic compounds
large molecules containing carbon and hydrogen associated with life
inorganic compounds
smaller molecules that don’t contain carbon and hydrogen and are associated with the environment
Gram negative
thin layer of peptidoglycan (pink)
Gram positive
thick layer of peptidoglycan (purple)
saprobes
decompose organic molecules of dead organisms
symbiosis
an ecological relationship where two species live in close contact
mutualism
both species benefit from association (+/+)
commensalism
one species benefits, the other neither benefits or is harmed (+/o)
parasitism
one species benefits, the other is harmed (+/-)
Why must a hypothesis be falsifiable?
It is not a set fact
Is a scientific opinion the same as an everyday opinion?
No, scientific opinion comes with merit
What does science produce? (4 things)
facts, data, theories, technology
What are the independent and dependent variables in the experiment involving inland and beach mice and predation rate?
ind: color of mice
dep: predation rate
What are the 5 theories with Darwinism?
perpetual change, common descent, gradualism, natural selection, multiplication of species
Evidence of perpetual change
fossil records (underlying theory of 5 major theories)
Evidence of common descent
homology and comparing living organisms
Evidence of multiplication of species
diverse animal populations on islands
Evidence of gradualism
intermediate species (within fossil record)
Evidence of natural selection
studies and observations of animals in their specific habitats
Are adaptations perfect?
Never.
Do organisms adapt to the environment in which they originated?
Yes
T or F: Evolution is always one generation ahead.
False, evolution is always one generation BEHIND
What are the 4 postulates of natural selection?
Variation, overproduction, adaption, descent with modification
Differential survival + differential reproduction = _____
natural selection
T or F: Natural selection operates on populations.
False, natural selection operates on individuals.
T or F: Populations evolve.
True
T or F: Natural selection can create the perfect organism.
False, no such thing as a “perfect” organism.
When the environment changes populations will either ____, ____, or ____.
adapt, disperse, go extinct
The research of Rosemary and Peter Grant is an excellent example of what?
geographic and reproductive isolation
Folk taxonomies do not include names for ___, ___, and ___.
really small living things (tiny insects, bacteria), organisms with differences too small for the human eye, organisms not encountered (ex: ocean floor)
What are the taxonomic levels in order?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (Does King Phillip Come Over For Good Soup?)
Is classification subjective?
Yes
What are common names?
everyday names (ex: African elephant)
Why are scientific names necessary? (4 reasons)
Common names are misleading
Many species have more than 1 common name
Multiple species can have the same common name
Many organisms don’t have common names
Who created the binomial system?
Karl Linne (Carolus Linneaus)
A species name consists of two parts, what are they?
Genus + specific epithet
When written, the species name is ____, when typed, it is _____.
Underlined, italicized
T or F: You can use the genus alone.
True
T or F: You can use the specific epithet alone.
False
T or F: You can abbreviate the genus as mentioned once written.
True
Structural and nutritional traits define the 5-kingdom system. What are they?
Cell structure (prokaryote or eukaryote?)
Cell associations (1 or more?)
Mode of nutrition (how does it get nutrients?)
Do both autotrophs and heterotrophs respire?
Yes
If an organism isn’t respiring it isn’t ____.
Living
What are the 3 domains?
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
When kingdom Monera split, it created 2 domains: ____ and ____
bacteria, archaea
What does every split in the phylogenetic tree represent?
common ancestor
Are the cells in the domain archaea and bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
prokaryotes
What is the cell structure of a prokaryote? (4 things)
unicellular, no nucleus, no membrane-enclosed organelles, circular DNA
What are the three common shapes of prokaryotes?
Spirilla, bacilli, cocci
What can you see with your naked eye, a single cell or colony of bacteria?
Colony
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Binary fission
If the test tube has growth throughout it (fully cloudy), it is…
Facultative
If a test tube only has growth at the top, it is…
Obligate aerobic
If there is no growth in the test tube it is…
Obligate anaerobic
Note
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