Black abolitionist who encouraged blacks to unite and take any necessary measures to fight slavery and other forms of discrimination
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Dorothea Dix
advocate for individuals with mental illness in America and Europe
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3
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
abolitionist and women's rights advocate who co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention
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4
Frederick Douglass
African American abolitionist and reformer who was a major voice against slavery in both his writings and in public speeches throughout America and Europe
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5
Harriet Beecher Stowe
abolitionist, best known for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin
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6
Henry David Thoreau
transcendentalist who urged Americans to resist both social conformity and unjust laws
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7
Herman Melville
author of the 1851 classic Moby Dick that captured harsh aspects of nineteenth-century American culture
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8
Horace Mann
educational reformer who promoted education as essential to a strong democracy
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9
Hudson River school
New York landscape painters known for their depictions of spectacular vistas
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10
Jarena Lee
an African American woman who preached in public in contrast to rules and customs that prohibited her from doing so during the first half of the nineteenth century
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11
Joseph Smith
founder of the Mormon faith
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12
Liberia
African nation established in 1830 by freed blacks whose manumission and voyage was sponsored by the American Colonization Society (ACS)
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13
Lucretia Mott
abolitionist and women's rights advocate who co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention
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14
Nathaniel Hawthorne
novelist, best known for The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables, who wrote about the misery caused by egotism
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15
Oneida "Perfectionists"
members of a Utopian experiment in upstate New York who rejected traditional notions of family and marriage in favor of communal bonds
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16
Ralph Waldo Emerson
transcendentalist philosopher who urged individuals to find fulfillment and self-improvement in nature
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17
Rebecca Cox Jackson
radical African American religious figure who broke with the free black church movement in Philadelphia and ultimately joined the Shaker movement during the mid-nineteenth century
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18
Seneca Falls Convention
the 1848 meeting that produced the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions arguing for women's inalienable rights
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Shakers
utopian religious society committed to complete celibacy, equality of the sexes, and a simple ordered life
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Soujourner Truth
former slave who lectured extensively on behalf of equal rights for blacks and women
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Susan B. Anthony
abolitionist and one of the most iconic and active leaders of the early women's right movement
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temperance
self-restraint, especially concerning drink; the temperance movement pushed for bans on the sale and consumption of alcohol
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23
transcendentalism
a philosophical and literary movement of the early nineteenth century that sought beauty and truth in nature and the individual, rather than in formalized education, politics, or religion
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24
Walt Whitman
writer who helped define American literature with his book of poems, Leaves of Grass, and his focus on individual freedom
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William Lloyd Garrison
founder of The Liberator, a newspaper that focused on the harsh truths of slavery and argued for the immediate release of the enslaved and extension of citizenship to all
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