IB Chem Functional Groups

alkane

ending: -ane
functional group: alkyl
C - C
example: ethane

alkene

ending: -ene
functional group: alkenyl
C = C
example: pent-2-ene

alkyne

ending: -yne
functional group: alkynyl
C ≡ C
example: prop-1-ene

ethers

general formula: R-O-R
functional group: -O- (alkoxy)
isomers of alcohols
ethers quiet the lion's R-O-R
ending: -oxy -ane
example: methoxypropane

halides

contain a halogen
general formula R-X (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
functional group: -X (halo)
example: 2-chloropentane

alcohols

general formula: R-OH
functional group -OH (hydroxyl)
can be primary (2 H's), secondary (1 H), or tertiary (No H's)
ending: -ol
isomers of ethers
example: methanol (primary)

aldehydes

general formula: RCHO
functional group: C=O (carbonyl)
always at the beginning of the molecule so no numbers
isomers of ketones
ending: -al
example: ethanal

ketones

general formula: R(C=O)R
function group: C=O (carbonyl)
ending: -one
isomers of aldehydes
example: propan-2-one

carboxylic acids

general formula: R-COOH
functional group: COOH (carboxyl)
ending: -oic acid
isomers of esters
always at the beginning of the molecule so no numbers
example: ethanoic acid

esters

general formula: RCOOR
functional group: COOH (carboxyl)
ending: -yl -oate
isomers of carboxylic acids
example: methyl ethanoate

nitriles

functional group: -CN (cyano)
triple bond between a carbon and nitrogen
always at the end of the molecule so no numbers
ending: nitrile
example: pentane nitrile

amines

general formula: R-NH₂
functional group: -NH₂ (amino)
ending: -amine
example: methanamine

amides

general formula: R-CONH₂
functional group: -CNH₂ (amido)
ending: -amide
always at the beginning of molecules so no numbers
example: ethanamide