AP Psych Lifespan Development

zygote

a fertilized egg

it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into the embryo

Z-E-F

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Z-E-F

fetus

the developing organism from the end of the eighth week until birth

Z-E-F

teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking.

type of teratogens

rooting reflex

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple.

habituation

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

ex: if you hang a toy in front of a baby's face for a short period of time, the baby will first be interested in the toy, but then lose interest because it's the same stimulus.

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

motor development

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

identical twins

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

fraternal twins

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

nature and nurture

whether the intelligence of children is influenced by their biology

or

by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding

continuity and stages

This focus looks at our development - to determine if it is gradual, a continuous process or a sequence of separate stages

stability and change

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

DIFFERENT AGES in study

longitudinal study

study over a LONG time

A research approach that follows a group of people over time to determine change or stability in behavior.

ex: Genie

grasping reflex

an infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand

startle reflex

response that one makes after a sudden, unexpected loud noise or similar sudden stimulus

plantar reflex

(Babinski sign)

curling toes down when sole of foot is stimulated, normal in adults

Babinski ->Big toes curls

Moro reflex

Reflex in which a newborn strectches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment

Moro-> Morons would do this to their baby

puberty

Sexual maturation; the end of childhood and the point when reproduction is first possible

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

menarche

first menstrual period

menopause

Cessation of menstrual periods owing to a lack of ovarian hormones

Alzheimer's disease

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning

the hippocampus that creates new memories and the hypothalamus with old memories

assimilation

According to Piaget, the process by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors

aSSimilation

Same Stuff

(ppl tried to assimilate the indians-- make the indians act and look like americans)

accommodation

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

aCCommodation -> CHANGES YOUR SCHEMA

LEARNING NEW THINGS

egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

big EGO -> only thinking about their point of view

artificialism

Form of thought where children tend

to believe that everything is the product of human

creation.

ARTIFICIAL -> fake-> man made

animism

Life to inanimate things

Animism-> "animate" and children think that inanimate objects are alive

conservation

Ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or physically, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume

develops during the concrete operational stage

reversibility

Reversibility A mental process that allows for a reversal in chain of events of the original condition

ex: When a ball deflates the child understands air can be put back in it and the child can play with it again.

imaginary audience

A cognitive distortion experienced by adolescents, in which they see themselves as always "on stage" with an audience watching

personal fable

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

theory of mind

able to take on perspectives of others

OPPOSITE with egocentrism

concrete operational stage

ppl with austim usually struggle with this

Lev Vygotsky's theory

this theory is the difference between what a learner can do with help and what they can do without help.

autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

struggle w Theory of Mind

Lawrence Kohlberg

Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of moral dilemmas in assessment

Preconventional

‐Avoid Punishment

‐Gain reward

Conventional

‐Gain approval

‐Obey rules

Post Conventional

‐Mutual agreement based on common good

‐Universal principle that precedes over social rules

preconventional morality

first level of Kohlberg's stages (preschool and grade school) of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior

- automatic obedience to avoid punishment

conventional morality

second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior

COneventional-> Caring about COps (behavior of society)

postconventional morality

third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms

Carol Gilligan

Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships

Carol =girl name

Gill= boy name

*the diff between the girl and boys moral sense

crystallized intelligence

One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

crystals grow over the YEARS

fluid intelligence

cognitive abilities requiring speed or rapid learning that tends to diminish with age ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns "street smart"

Harry Harlow

1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)

contact comfort

(Harlow) Research with Rhesus monkeys indicated that an infant's attachment is due to pleasant tactile sensations provided by a soft cuddly parent

(caregiver) = safety

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experience produces proper development

imprinting

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Mary Ainsworth

developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment

strange situation test

Ainsworth tested for her research studies of attachment.

A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment

secure attachment style

insecure anxious att. style

insecure avoidant att. style

self-concept

a sense of one's identity and personal worth

operational stage

authoritative

authority= someone who enforces with meaning/purpose

authoritarian

very strict

Like a dictator

permissive

describes a parenting style that is characterized by the parent making few demands on the child

neglecting

to pay no attention or too little attention to; disregard

basic trust

ERIK ERIKSON

period of infancy in the first years of life where children who are loved and cared for develop trust and security.

ERIk ERIKSON theory

trust vs. mistrust

infant- 1yr

A conflict infants have during their first stage of social development during which they have trouble trusting the world around them as a predictable place.

autonomy vs. shame & doubt

1-3 yrs.

independence

success=autonomy

Failure=doubt and shame

exert control, exercise choice and self restraint

initiative vs. guilt

3-6yrs.

Sense of purpose,power, environment.

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

industry vs. inferiority

6-12 yrs, good: competence, exercise his/her abilities and intelligence in the world, be able to affect world in the way that the child desires self-confidence

identity vs. role confusion

adolescence - 12 to 19yrs - adolescents try to figure out "who am I?" They establish sexual, ethnic, and career identities or are confused about what future roles to play

intimacy vs. isolation

19- 25 yrs. Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families and work on career goals.

generativity vs. stagnation

20-40yrs

According to Erikson, the stage during middle adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family and society.

**may feel a lack of purpose-- try and bring positive changes to their life

integrity vs. despair

Did I live a meaningful life?

Reflecting back on life

Wisdom

Imminent Death ‐> last stage

identity achievement

Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as an individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans

who am i?

in identity vs. role confusion stage

moratorium

identity crisis

Mortstorium-> MIDDLE of crisis

foreclosure

Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parent's or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning and analysis

not personal identity--> based on others

Foreclosure--> Forgetting about your own beliefs/ideas

identify diffusion

An identity status characterizing individuals who are not questioning who they are and have not yet committed themselves to an identity

midlife crisis

A supposed period of unusual anxiety, radical self-reexamination, and sudden transformation that was once widely associated with middle age but that actually had more to do with developmental history than with chronological age

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

SOCIETY timing of SOCIAL EVENTS

stages of grief

The 5 stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

DABDA

denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

anger

bargaining

What stage of grieving occurs when the potential loss has been accepted, but the person makes deals to get more time?

depression

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

acceptance

5th Stage of Grief

gender vs. sex

Gender role identity is a state of mind as well as body; biological gender does not totally determine whether he or she will exhibit sex-typed traits

gender roles

attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex

gender identity

one's sense of being male or female

social learning theory

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished

gender schema theory

the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

Cognitive Development stages

piaget

Some Pigs Can Fly Others Eat Canned Ham

Sensorimotor stage----- Object Permanence

Preoperational stage--- Egocentrism

Concrete operational -- Conservation

formal operational------ Hypothetial Reasoning

Sensorimotor stage

Piaget's theory

birth- 2 years

object permanence, stranger anxiety

develop sensory impressions and motor skills

Preoperational stage

Piaget's theory

2-7 years

Egocentrism, animistic thought, centration

a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Concrete operational

Piaget's theory

7-12 years

children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

CONCRETE-- hard to change mental operations

Formal operational

Piaget's theory

14- adult

hypothetical reasoning

cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age