History of Testing and Assessment in Education

Emperor Kao-Tzu

Developed civil service exams in Han Dynasty.

After the Taiping Rebellion

Opened civil service exams to women.

Civil Service Exams

Competitive exams for government positions.

Music

Archery

Horsemanship

Written subjects (e.g., law, agriculture, and geography)

The CSE in Ancient China included proficiency in?

1850s

Britain adopted the civil service exams in?

1860s

Britain's adaptation of the CSE inspired the creation of U.S, CSE in?

Formal Oral Examinations

Introduced in 13th century European universities.

Written Exams

Replaced oral exams with paper availability.

Juan Huarte

First to suggest formal mental testing

Jean Esquirol

Classified mental retardation in degrees and varieties

Language

Esquirol emphasized what as the most dependable criterion for mental functioning?

Édouard Séguin

Developed physiological training methods for the mentally retarded.

Wilhelm Wundt

Established first psychological laboratory in Leipzig.

Francis Galton

Pioneered sensory discrimination tests

Individual differences

Questionnaires

Rating Scales

Statistical analysis

Galton was credited for starting the testing movement with what contributions?

intellectual ability

Galton believed that _____ was hereditary

James Cattell

Adapted Galton's techniques for American mental tests.

Emil Kraepelin

Conducted pioneering work on personality testing.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Developed fill-in-the-blank technique for testing.

Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale

First intelligence scale assessing various cognitive skills.

French Ministry of Education

Who commissioned the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale?

identify students needing special assistance.

The Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale was first used to?

Attention

Memory

Problem-solving skills

The Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale focused on which factors?

Judgement

Comprehension

Reasoning

What did the Binet-Intelligence Test assess?

Mental Age

A person's abilities expressed in terms of the age at which a typical person would reach that same level of performance

Alfred Binet

Theodore Simon

Creators of Binet-Simon Intelligence Test

Lewis Terman

Revised Binet-Simon Test to create Stanford-Binet.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Standardized measure of intelligence derived from tests.

SB-5

Stanford-Binet test for ages 2 to 85+.

Early SB-5

Stanford-Binet test for ages 2-0 to 5-11 years (full battery), 6-0 to 7-3 years (abbreviated battery)

5 minutes per subtest

SB-5 administration time

10 individually administered subtests, many involving manipulatives

SB-5 Format

Manipulatives

Objects used to aid hands-on learning in tests.

Nonverbal

Verbal

Domains in SB-5

Fluid Reasoning

Knowledge

Quantitative Reasoning

Visual-Spatial Processing

Working Memory

Factors assessed in SB-5

Level C Qualification

Highest expertise level for administering certain tests.

Henry Goddard

He translated the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test into English.

Army Alpha

IQ test for literate soldiers in WWI.

Army Beta

IQ test for illiterate soldiers in WWI.

Robert Yerkes

Chairman of the Committee on the Psychological Examination of Recruits, led the Army Alpha and Army Beta testing

Charles Spearman

Developed Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence.

Louis Thurstone

Identified seven primary mental abilities.

Verbal Comprehension

Reasoning

Perceptual Speed

Numerical Ability

Word Fluency

Associative Memory

Spatial Visualization

Thurstone's primary mental abilities

Robert Woodworth

Developed the first structured personality inventory

Woodworth Personal Data Sheet

First structured personality inventory for military screening.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Projective test analyzing personality via inkblots.

Hermann Rorschach

Developed the Rorschach Inkblot Test in 1921.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Subjects create stories from ambiguous pictures to reveal motives and traits.

Henry A. Murray & Christina D. Morgan

Developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in 1935.

Stanford Achievement Test

Assesses children from kindergarten through high school.

Lewis M. Terman, Truman L. Kelley, and Giles M. Ruch

Published the Stanford Achievement Test.

Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale

Developed in response to controversies about the nature of intelligence and became the most widely used adult intelligence test in the U.S.A.

David Wechsler

Published the first version of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPI)

Widely used personality test assessing psychopathology.

Starke Hathaway and J.C. McKinley

created the MMPI

MMPI-2

567 true/false questions for personality assessment.

MMPI-2 Restructured Form (RF)

338 true/false questions for personality assessment.

MMPI-A

Personality test for adolescents (14-18); made of 478 items

MMPI-A RF

A shorter version of the MMPI-A, consisting of 298 true/false items designed for personality assessment in adolescents.

Clinical Scales

Measure various psychological conditions in MMPI.

Hypochondriasis
Depression
Hysteria
Psychopathic Deviate
Masculinity/Femininity
Paranoia
Psychasthenia
Schizophrenia
Hypomania
Social Introversion

Clinical Scales in MMPI

J.R. Guilford

Developed Structure of Intellect Theory for intelligence.

Structure of Intellect (SI) theory

A model of intelligence which categorizes cognitive abilities into different dimensions and types.

180

According to the SI theory, there are theoretically how many components of intelligence?

16 Personality Factor Test

Structured personality test based on factor analysis.

Raymond Bernard Cattell

Introduced the 16 PF

Vocational Counseling Instruments

Tools for assessing career interests and preferences.

Strong Interest Blank

Kuder Preference Record–Vocational

Types of vocational counselling instrument

Computer-Assisted Testing

Introduced in 1980s for efficient assessment.