by lab 2

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up or catalyze a reaction

Active site

Substrate binding site

Denaturation

Breakdown of secondary and tertiary structures of protein

Competitive inhibitor

Binds and competes for active site on enzyme

Non-Competitive Inhibitor

Impede activity without binding to active site (Changes active site shape)

Ea (activation energy)

energy needed to make a reaction occur, catalysts provide this to reactions

Speed up reactions/ catalyze them

What do enzymes do?

Cofactors

Usually metallic ions that assist enzymes

Coenzymes

Organic cofactors

Catecholase

found in fruits and veggies (potatoes), facilitates reaction between catechol and oxygen

Benzoquinone

What catechol is converted to

If temp is too low, there is not enough kinetic energy, if temp is too high, enzymes denature, Rate of reaction increases as temp increases to a maximum then declines when temperature continues to increase

How does temperature affect enzymes?

Each enzyme has an optimal pH, if too high or too low enzymes denature

How does pH affect enzymes?

More enzymes means faster product, with more enzymes means more active sites, more enzymes raise saturation level

How does enzyme concentration affect enzymes?

When raised the velocity of the reaction will increase until it reaches saturation point (maximum) then remain constant

How does substrate concentration affect enzymes?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Cellular Respiration Formula

Heterotrophs

Do not use photosynthesis but obtain food from outside sources

Facultative anaerobes

can live in aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Ex: yeast)

Anaerobic

Glycolysis: aerobic or anaerobic?

In cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis happen?

4 ATP 2 pyruvate

What does glycolysis produce?

Dehydrogenase

Transfers H+ from substrate to coenzyme

2 NADH

What coenzymes does glycolysis produce?

Cytoplasm

Where does fermentation happen?

Metabolizes pyruvate when O2 is unavailable, produces 2 ATP, yields alcohol and CO2 or lactic acid

What is fermentation? What are the types?

Iodoform forms from interaction with the alcohol because fermentation happened

Why is there iodoform (flaky yellow precipitate) when yeast, NaOH, and lugols are mixed?

Happens in mitochondria, converts pyruvate to CoA, makes CO2 as a by-product

What is the transition reaction?

Matrix of mitochondria

Where does the Kreb Cycle happen?

Aerobic

Krebs: aerobic or anaerobic?

NADH and FADH2

Coenzymes of Krebs

1 CoA = 1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, & 1 NADPH doubled for complete glucose

Products of Krebs

Electron transport chain, ATP synthase uses H+ gradient

What is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

Inner membrane mitochondria

Where is the electron transport chain?

Cristae

Inner folds of mitochondria

H2O

By-product of electron transport chain

O2

Final electron acceptor of electron transport chain

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Photosynthesis equation

Captures sun light energy and stores it in chemical bonds of carbohydrates

What does photosynthesis do?

Stomata

Underside of leaves, closes in intense heat

Xylum

Water transport system (roots to stem)

Thylakoids

Where does light reaction happen?

Granum

Stack of thylakoids

Stroma

Outside of granum

Chlorophyll A

Main chlorophyll pigment

Chlorophyll B

More O's in ring structure than other chlorophyll pigment

Carotenoids

Accessory pigments for excess light

Xanthophyll

Pigment within vacuoles and do not perform photosynthesis

H2O + ADP + Pi + NADP+ --> ½ O2 + ATP + NADPH + H+

Light-Dependent Reaction Equation

Photosystem I

Which photosystem phosphorylates ADP?

light

What splits H2O in photosynthesis?

O2 into atmosphere, H+ to electron transport, electrons to photosystem I

Where do the things from noncyclic photosystem II go?

400nm

What wavelength is violet?

450nm

What wavelength is blue?

500nm

What wavelength is green?

550nm

What wavelength is yellow?

600nm

What wavelength is orange?

700nm

What wavelength is red?

< 1nm

What wavelength is gamma?

<1-100nm

What wavelength is X-ray?

100-350nm

What wavelength is UV?

750- <1 millimeter

What wavelength is infrared?

<1 millimeter- 1 meter

What wavelength are microwave waves?

Thousands of meters

What wavelength are radio waves?

Active spectrum

relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light (colors) for light- dependent processes

Chlorophyll B

Which pigment is heaviest?

Carotenoids

Which pigment is lightest?

Absorption spectrum

absorbance vs wavelength graphs

6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H+ -->C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 18 Pi + 12 NADP+ + 6 H2O

Dark reaction equation

Energy is stored by carbon dioxide fixation in carbohydrates

What happens in dark reaction?

Two identical daughter cells

What is the result of mitosis?

Karyokinesis

nucleus division

cytokinesis

cytoplasm division

Chromatin

loosely packaged, not condensed DNA

Chromatid

condensed DNA

Centromeres

Waist of chromosome where sister chromatids attach

S phase

When does replication happen?

Cells are preparing to divide

What happens in G2?

90%

What percent of a cells life is interphase?

G1, G2, S

Three phases of interphase

G1

What is the "restriction phase"?

G0

Non dividing phase

Cell cycle

Describes life history of actively dividing cells

Chromatin condenses, Centrioles go to poles and produce spindle fibers

What happens in prophase?

Centrosome

2 centrioles

tubulin

What does microtubules form from?

Kinetochore

Where do the spindle fibers attach?

Sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate, Attached by spindle fibers to opposite centrioles

What happens in metaphase?

Sister chromatids separate at centromeres, Spindle fibers shorten at kinetochore end, Separated chromatids are called daughter chromosomes

What happens in anaphase?

Spindle apparatus disappears, Nuclei and nucleoli reform, Chromosomes decondense and reform diffuse chromatin, 2 product daughter cells are identical, cytokinesis

What happens in telophase?

Separation of cytoplasm, cleavage furrow, cell plate

What is cytokinesis? How does this happen in animals? Plants?

Return to interphase

What does a cell do after mitosis?

ER and golgi break down and are rebuilt, Lysosomes/ ribosomes get split between two cells, Mitochondria and chloroplasts are also split between cells

What happens to organelles during mitosis?

The production of sex cells or gametes

What is meiosis?

Diploid

2n

Haploid

n

Spores

haploid, germinate to form haploid individuals

4 daughter cells with 1/2 # of chromosomes than parent cell

What is the product of meiosis?

Homologous pairs

identical in size and shape

Locus

where genes for a particular trait are found

Allele

2 types of one gene