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118 Terms

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Enzymes

Proteins that speed up or catalyze a reaction

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Active site

Substrate binding site

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Denaturation

Breakdown of secondary and tertiary structures of protein

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Competitive inhibitor

Binds and competes for active site on enzyme

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Non-Competitive Inhibitor

Impede activity without binding to active site (Changes active site shape)

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Ea (activation energy)

energy needed to make a reaction occur, catalysts provide this to reactions

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Speed up reactions/ catalyze them

What do enzymes do?

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Cofactors

Usually metallic ions that assist enzymes

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Coenzymes

Organic cofactors

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Catecholase

found in fruits and veggies (potatoes), facilitates reaction between catechol and oxygen

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Benzoquinone

What catechol is converted to

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If temp is too low, there is not enough kinetic energy, if temp is too high, enzymes denature, Rate of reaction increases as temp increases to a maximum then declines when temperature continues to increase

How does temperature affect enzymes?

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Each enzyme has an optimal pH, if too high or too low enzymes denature

How does pH affect enzymes?

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More enzymes means faster product, with more enzymes means more active sites, more enzymes raise saturation level

How does enzyme concentration affect enzymes?

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When raised the velocity of the reaction will increase until it reaches saturation point (maximum) then remain constant

How does substrate concentration affect enzymes?

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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Cellular Respiration Formula

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Heterotrophs

Do not use photosynthesis but obtain food from outside sources

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Facultative anaerobes

can live in aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Ex: yeast)

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Anaerobic

Glycolysis: aerobic or anaerobic?

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In cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis happen?

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4 ATP 2 pyruvate

What does glycolysis produce?

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Dehydrogenase

Transfers H+ from substrate to coenzyme

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2 NADH

What coenzymes does glycolysis produce?

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Cytoplasm

Where does fermentation happen?

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Metabolizes pyruvate when O2 is unavailable, produces 2 ATP, yields alcohol and CO2 or lactic acid

What is fermentation? What are the types?

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Iodoform forms from interaction with the alcohol because fermentation happened

Why is there iodoform (flaky yellow precipitate) when yeast, NaOH, and lugols are mixed?

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Happens in mitochondria, converts pyruvate to CoA, makes CO2 as a by-product

What is the transition reaction?

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Matrix of mitochondria

Where does the Kreb Cycle happen?

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Aerobic

Krebs: aerobic or anaerobic?

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NADH and FADH2

Coenzymes of Krebs

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1 CoA = 1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, & 1 NADPH doubled for complete glucose

Products of Krebs

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Electron transport chain, ATP synthase uses H+ gradient

What is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

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Inner membrane mitochondria

Where is the electron transport chain?

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Cristae

Inner folds of mitochondria

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H2O

By-product of electron transport chain

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O2

Final electron acceptor of electron transport chain

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6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Photosynthesis equation

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Captures sun light energy and stores it in chemical bonds of carbohydrates

What does photosynthesis do?

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Stomata

Underside of leaves, closes in intense heat

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Xylum

Water transport system (roots to stem)

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Thylakoids

Where does light reaction happen?

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Granum

Stack of thylakoids

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Stroma

Outside of granum

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Chlorophyll A

Main chlorophyll pigment

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Chlorophyll B

More O's in ring structure than other chlorophyll pigment

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Carotenoids

Accessory pigments for excess light

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Xanthophyll

Pigment within vacuoles and do not perform photosynthesis

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H2O + ADP + Pi + NADP+ --> ½ O2 + ATP + NADPH + H+

Light-Dependent Reaction Equation

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Photosystem I

Which photosystem phosphorylates ADP?

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light

What splits H2O in photosynthesis?

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O2 into atmosphere, H+ to electron transport, electrons to photosystem I

Where do the things from noncyclic photosystem II go?

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400nm

What wavelength is violet?

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450nm

What wavelength is blue?

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500nm

What wavelength is green?

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550nm

What wavelength is yellow?

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600nm

What wavelength is orange?

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700nm

What wavelength is red?

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< 1nm

What wavelength is gamma?

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<1-100nm

What wavelength is X-ray?

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100-350nm

What wavelength is UV?

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750- <1 millimeter

What wavelength is infrared?

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<1 millimeter- 1 meter

What wavelength are microwave waves?

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Thousands of meters

What wavelength are radio waves?

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Active spectrum

relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light (colors) for light- dependent processes

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Chlorophyll B

Which pigment is heaviest?

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Carotenoids

Which pigment is lightest?

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Absorption spectrum

absorbance vs wavelength graphs

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6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H+ -->C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 18 Pi + 12 NADP+ + 6 H2O

Dark reaction equation

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Energy is stored by carbon dioxide fixation in carbohydrates

What happens in dark reaction?

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Two identical daughter cells

What is the result of mitosis?

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Karyokinesis

nucleus division

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cytokinesis

cytoplasm division

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Chromatin

loosely packaged, not condensed DNA

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Chromatid

condensed DNA

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Centromeres

Waist of chromosome where sister chromatids attach

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S phase

When does replication happen?

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Cells are preparing to divide

What happens in G2?

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90%

What percent of a cells life is interphase?

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G1, G2, S

Three phases of interphase

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G1

What is the "restriction phase"?

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G0

Non dividing phase

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Cell cycle

Describes life history of actively dividing cells

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Chromatin condenses, Centrioles go to poles and produce spindle fibers

What happens in prophase?

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Centrosome

2 centrioles

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tubulin

What does microtubules form from?

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Kinetochore

Where do the spindle fibers attach?

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Sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate, Attached by spindle fibers to opposite centrioles

What happens in metaphase?

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Sister chromatids separate at centromeres, Spindle fibers shorten at kinetochore end, Separated chromatids are called daughter chromosomes

What happens in anaphase?

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Spindle apparatus disappears, Nuclei and nucleoli reform, Chromosomes decondense and reform diffuse chromatin, 2 product daughter cells are identical, cytokinesis

What happens in telophase?

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Separation of cytoplasm, cleavage furrow, cell plate

What is cytokinesis? How does this happen in animals? Plants?

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Return to interphase

What does a cell do after mitosis?

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ER and golgi break down and are rebuilt, Lysosomes/ ribosomes get split between two cells, Mitochondria and chloroplasts are also split between cells

What happens to organelles during mitosis?

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The production of sex cells or gametes

What is meiosis?

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Diploid

2n

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Haploid

n

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Spores

haploid, germinate to form haploid individuals

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4 daughter cells with 1/2 # of chromosomes than parent cell

What is the product of meiosis?

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Homologous pairs

identical in size and shape

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Locus

where genes for a particular trait are found

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Allele

2 types of one gene